Comparing Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bro

Comparing blanket(a) Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys and Jane Eyre by Charlotte BronteIn the novels Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, the theme of loss can be viewed as an umbrella that encompasses the absence of independence, society or community, love, and ordinate in the lives of the two protagonists. They deal with their hardships in diverse ways. However, they both find ways to triumph over their losses and regain their independence.The women in both novels draw a loss of personal freedom, both mental, and physical. Jane Eyre, in her blind infatuation with Mr. Rochester, allows her emotions to enslave her. She realizes her obsession when she states, My future husband was becoming to me my whole world and more(prenominal)(prenominal) than the world almost my hope of heaven. He stood between me and every thought of religion, as an eclipse intervenes between man and the broad sun. I could not, in those days, picture God for his creature of whom I had made an idol (Bronte 241). By design, Rochester seduces Antoinette and deliberately rack ups her depend on him. Christophine, Antoinettes servant, in a conversation with Rochester accusingly contends you make love to her till she drunk with it, no rum could make her drunk like that, till she cant do without it. Its she cant see the sun any more. Only you she see. But all you want is to break her up (Rhys 153). After becoming totally enslaved by her feelings for him, Rochester adds insult to scathe by physically abusing Antoinette. Her complete and total love for Mr. Rochester, who is passionless and devoid of any empathy, causes her to lose her mind. She realizes her mistake in marrying this cold, calculating man and vehemently states, You see. Thats how you are. A stone. But it serves me right (Rhys 148). Jane and Antoinettes uninhibited desire to please those whom they love becomes detrimental to their peace of mind. Jane does everything she can to please St. John, her cousin, which ends with her completely paying no heed to her own thoughts and feelings. She realizes her dependence on his opinion, declaring As for me, I daily wished more to please him but to do so, I felt daily more and more that I must disown half of my nature, stifle half my faculties, wrest my tastes from their original bent, force myself to the adoption of pursuits for which I had no natural vocation. He wanted to train m... ...I disapprove your idea of love, I could not help saying, as I rose up and stood before him, leaning my back against the rock. I scorn the counterfeit sentiment you offer yes, St. John, and I scorn you when you offer it (Bronte 359). Jane similarly leaves Rochester when she finds out about his deceit. When Antoinette realizes Rochester does not love her, she scorns him, saying my mother whom you all rag about, what justice did she have? My mother sitting in the rocking chair speaking about dead horses and dead grooms and a black devil kissing her poor mouth . Like you kissed mine (Rhys 147). Although the two women are fundamentally different people, they face many similar challenges throughout their lives. Jane and Antoinette respond to each type of loss they interpret differently, and these choices ultimately demonstrate Janes inner strength and Antoinettes inherent vulnerability, resulting in two very different endings, one happy and the other tragic. melt down Cited Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. Ed. Angela Smith. London Penguin, 1997. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London, Penguin Books Ltd. 1996. (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Mason).

Oceans :: essays research papers

OceansThe marine covers Seventy-one portion of our planets surface. Life isconcentrated, however, in about four percent of it, and it is this four percentthat is being polluted by the tons every day. Everyone needs to understand thatthe oceans are not endless, and not bottomless. They also oftentimes see that theocean contains much marine life which are essential to our eco-system. And inorder to preserve this other dry land of life, we must stop polluting the oceans,and begin to clean them up. Although using the ocean for a toxic waste dump mayprovide for a cheap alternative, we must not succumb to these barbaric urges.If we neglect to deal with these ideals, than the world as we know it may not beas great a world for our children as it was for us.First, we need to understand that the oceans are not the colossal resourcesthat we believe them to be, but just vulnerable natural resources. BeforeColumbus day, the ocean were thought to be boundless. Although Columbus provedthis th eory incorrect, the thought sleek over cadaver in todays societies. For weof the 20th century still treat the ocean as the endless, bottomless pit it wasconsidered to be in medieval times.(Heyerdahl) The majority of the worldspopulation still lives under the misconception that the ocean is a hungry abyss,eager to devour all their waste. These beliefs, however, are all untrue. Theaverage depth of the oceans is only a little more than a mile, when in fact,some lakes exceed this depth rather handily. Although the size of the ocean isoften pondered, the thought that it may one day be gone, is never evenconsidered.The vast majority of all life in the ocean, inhabits only 1/25 of thesewaters, but it is these surroundings that are in the most danger. In thebeginning of the world, marine plankton was bouncy to the evolution of man.Today, it is even more important to us, being that it provides us with a greatpercentage of oxygen we receive. These minute coiffure species manufactured som uch oxygen that it rose above the surface to help form the atmosphere we havetoday.(Heyerdahl) With the disappearance of the plankton through increasedpollution, the self-explanatory result will be a total deprivation of our oxygen supply,in turn limiting all people to certain limits. And with urban enlargement leadingto deforestation, our dependence upon marine life becomes heightened. Theimportance of marine plankton cannot be emphasized enough, yet most people failto recognize it as the vital life supply it is.

Marhsal Field :: essays research papers fc

Marshal regionThe elder marshall Field considered himself the Chief Apostle of the American Way, he epitomized the American romance by becoming one of Americas first rags to riches stories in the industrial boom of both the pre-Antebellum and post-Antebellum periods. Marshall Field was born and raise as a humble farm boy and became perhaps the greatest businessman this country has ever had. Field learned his work ethic as a young boy by direct example of his father, who started working two hours before daybreak and stopped two hours after. As soon as Marshall could walk, he was working on the family farm. At the age of six, he enrolled in district school only during the winter months when farm work was scarce. He continued these lines of life until the age of fifteen, when the Field family was forced to stop working their farm due to a road closure. At this time it was decided that since Marshall was the youngest word of honor and did not qualify for of the estate property, tha t he would have to go out and earn his own living. His father being friends with the local dry goods (general store) proprietor secured Marshall a clerking job in the dry goods store. Ironically, Marshall was fired from that same job after two weeks. When the father inquired what had happened the owner told him that your son has no future in the dry goods market and he should be kept at home on the farm where he belongs. Marshall Field then began working as a hired hand on his brothers farm. After two years of being his brothers servant, he moved to Pittsfield, Massachusetts with his other brother. His brother had secured Marshall a job at the Deacon-H.G. Davis dry goods store. There his first year salary was a measly $400. However, he was able to save two hundred of this by sleeping in the store. By the time of the 1857 panic, Marshall had modernized Deacons credit policies subsequently Deacon was not monetarily damaged by the panic. By modernizing Deacons credit programs Field was able to insure the stores future by making credit harder to attain, by shortening the amount of time customers had to repay the store. Because of some unwise business dealings the stores owners had been involved in, the store was reorganized into Cooley, Farwell and Company. Marshall Field was then awarded a partnership for his part in saving the store from the Panic.

The Quest for the Good :: Essays Papers

The Quest for the intimately Is the Good something concrete to be obtained, or is it a way of life singular to individuals?This question is asked most assuredly in a biased manner, directing us along a path to the answer. It raises many logical questions of how, exactly, the Good is framed, and what it heart and soul to live a good life. To do this, an understanding must be found of what exactly the Good is. The questions of how the Good is structured and what the Good is are intricately tied together, and as such both shall be explored. The most important step in terms of the Good is the quest, as shall be found, because it is only by actively seeking the Good that one can find any understanding of it. As such, the quest for the Good shall be explored in The Republic by Plato, Confessions by Saint Augustine, and Death Comes for the Archbishop by Willa Cather. These works will help give a full understanding of what the quest for the Good is, and how it is difficult to go u nder because it is so multiplicitous. Also, an outside framework will be explored, to be able to look at a world conception that includes many of the themes explored by the authors, and the opposites which tilt to be left out. Overall we will find the Good and the quest.To understand the breadth of the answer, the meanings of the question must be understood. The important questions are can the Good be concrete? Can the Good be obtained? Is the Good a way of life? How is it unique?A concrete Good would be an immutable, abiding Good. This would be a Good that exists in an abstract realm, something of a Platonic Form of the Good. If there were a less abstract Good, one more easily attained, we would all know it explicitly. Therefore, if there is an exact idea of what the Good is, it is hard enough to find that philosophers exist. The corollary to this question is, can the Good not be concrete? In other words, can the Good change or evolve, or is there always the same Good, forever? St. Augustine maxim the Good as God, and saw God as non-physical and unchanging (Augustine, 4, ii(2)). As such, the Christian lifestyle, the Good life, would be a single path, the same throughout the ages.

My First Love Essay -- essays papers

My First Love When I was ten years old, I fell in love. It was more amorous and emotion every(prenominal)y uplifting than any other experience I had ever been through. The object of my affection reciprocated that love instantly, and since that day, we have never fought, never been apart, and never been unfaithful.It started unity brilliant October day. The bright New England foliage fell like large, fluttery raindrops as I coasted down the road that lead to the elementary school, and the gravel crunched beneath my ride tires as I rounded the corners. I sighed. Today had been just another day at school for me. Another day with the rest of the country-grown kids who lived in the hills of this proper town. Another day in which I said hello to everyone I saw, calling them by name. Just another normal day with normal events. further for the fact that this was the day that the cast list for Bakersfield Elementary Schools production of Oliver Twist had been posted. Big deal. I had auditioned, but mainly because Cathy, a good friend of mine, had no one to audition with, and had whined so much, I did it to make her shut up. It was the most dull and uneventful swear out I had been through since my last doctors checkup.The audition process consisted of the 2 directors (who actually were the schools music teacher and the secretary) saying the following Read these lines. Okay, now read these ones. Try that again, please. Right, now sing this... And this. Then they muttered for a bout amongst themselves, and then said, okay, then, thanks for auditioningCathy had obsessed and worked herself into such a frenzy by the end of the day that the list was going away to be posted. She was worried about if she was going to be cast or not. Her incessant fidgeting and one-way conversation irritated me so much, I had headed home early, not even stopping to see if I was in the play or not. I know that its bad when you avoid friends, but I think maybe I was just in a bad mood or something.I now found myself riding back to school, compelled to see if I had actually gotten a part.As I walked into the school, I saw a small group of kids loitering around a piece of paper by the door that led to the gymnasium. This was it. I stepped toward it, muttering excuse me to a pair of burly eighth-grade girls who looked quite disgusted. I scanned do... ...lfway across the gymnasium, which had been completely rearranged and decorated in black for this play. I walked up the three steps to the stage. I turn to face the audience. And I saw them. The whole town, sitting there, watching me. I swear a sweat drop rolled down my jaw line, and all of the lines that I had worked so hard to remember flew right out the window. I didnt know what to say. It was if the weight of the world had been placed squarely on my head. In that break up second that I lost all of my composure, just as fast, I regained it. I shook it off. The lines came flooding back, and I resumed m y character. I threw my whole heart and instinct into my performance. Adrenaline was rushing through my blood, and I acted better than I had ever had in rehearsal. I even earned quite a few laughs for the osculate with Mr. Bumble.The curtain call came, and as I stood onstage with the rest of the cast, I smiled on the inside as well as on the outside, and I mat up as though I would burst with the feelings that were bouncing around in my head. I was happier than I had ever been in my whole life (at least that I could remember).When I was ten years old, I fell in love with Theatre.

Benito Mussolinis Rise and Fall to Power :: World War II History

Benito Mussolinis Rise and Fall to PowerBenito Mussolini had a large impact on World War II. He wasnt always a powerful potentate though. At first he was a school teacher and a socialist journalist. He later married Rachele Guide and had 5 children. He was the editor of the Avanti, which was a socialist party newspaper in Milan.Benito Mussolini founded the Fasci di Combattimento on March of 1919.This was a nationalistic, anti liberal, and anti socialist movement. This movement attracted mainly the lower substance class.1 Fascism was spreading across Europe. Mussolini was winning sympathy from King Victor Emmanuel III. Mussolini then threatened to march on Rome. This persuaded King Victor Emmanuel III to clear Mussolini to join a coalition, which strongly helped him gain more power.Benito Mussolini brought Austria on Germanys side by a formal alliance. In 1937, he accepted a German alliance. The name of this alliance was the Anti Comntern Pact. On April 13, 1937 Benito Mussolini a nnexed Albania. He then told the British ambassador that not even the bribe of France and North Africa would keep him neutral.2 The British ambassador was appalled and dismayed.On May 28, 1937, Mussolini strongly gave thought to declaring war. He then attacked the Riviera across the Maritime. On September 13, 1937 he opened an offensive into British-garrisoned Egypt from Libya.3 On October 4, 1937, while the offensive still seemed to promise success, Benito Mussolini met Adolf Hitler at the Brenner Pass, on their joint frontier. The two of them discussed how the war in the Mediterranean, Britains principal foothold outside its island base, index be turned to her decisive disadvantage. Hitler suggested to Mussolini that Spain might be coaxed on the axis side, thus giving Germany free use of the British Rock of Gibraltar, by pass Franco part of French North Africa, and that France might be persuaded to accept that concession by compensation with parts of British West Africa.4 Mussol ini seemed enthusiastic and very apprehensible why this was the case, since this scheme included the gaining of Tunis, Corsica, and Nice (annexed by Napoleon III in 1860) from France. Hitler then hurried home to his house in Berlin to arrange visits to Franco and Petan. back up in the capital Hitler created a letter to Stalin inviting Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, to visit early, when Germany and the U.S.S.R. might then agree among themselves how to profit from Britain not having a defense.

Benito Mussolinis Rise and Fall to Power :: World War II History

Benito Mussolinis Rise and Fall to PowerBenito Mussolini had a large impact on World War II. He wasnt forever and a day a powerful dictator though. At first he was a school teacher and a socialist journalist. He later married Rachele sharpen and had 5 children. He was the editor of the Avanti, which was a socialist party newspaper in Milan.Benito Mussolini founded the Fasci di Combattimento on March of 1919.This was a nationalistic, anti liberal, and anti socialist doing. This movement attracted mainly the lower middle class.1 Fascism was spreading across Europe. Mussolini was winning sympathy from world-beater Victor Emmanuel III. Mussolini then threatened to march on Rome. This persuaded King Victor Emmanuel III to invite Mussolini to join a coalition, which strongly helped him gain more power.Benito Mussolini brought Austria on Germanys side by a formal alliance. In 1937, he accepted a German alliance. The name of this alliance was the Anti Comntern Pact. On April 13, 1937 Ben ito Mussolini annexed Albania. He then told the British ambassador that non even the bribe of France and brotherhood Africa would keep him neutral.2 The British ambassador was appalled and dismayed.On May 28, 1937, Mussolini strongly gave thought to declaring war. He then attacked the Riviera across the Maritime. On September 13, 1937 he opened an offensive into British-garrisoned Egypt from Libya.3 On October 4, 1937, while the offensive still seemed to promise success, Benito Mussolini met Adolf Hitler at the Brenner Pass, on their joint frontier. The two of them discussed how the war in the Mediterranean, Britains atomic number 82 foothold outside its island base, might be turned to her decisive disadvantage. Hitler suggested to Mussolini that Spain might be coaxed on the axis side, thus giving Germany free use of the British Rock of Gibraltar, by offering Franco part of French North Africa, and that France might be persuaded to accept that concession by compensation with part s of British westward Africa.4 Mussolini seemed enthusiastic and very understandable why this was the case, since this scheme included the gaining of Tunis, Corsica, and Nice (annexed by Napoleon III in 1860) from France. Hitler then hurried home to his rear in Berlin to arrange visits to Franco and Petan. Back in the capital Hitler created a letter to Stalin inviting Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, to visit early, when Germany and the U.S.S.R. might then agree among themselves how to profit from Britain not having a defense.

Tort Law: Stella Liebeck Report

Hot chocolate tree spill worth cool allocate McDonalds whitethorn fork everyplace $2. 9 million Denver Post Copyright 1994 Friday, August 19, 1994 The Associated pressing ALBUQUERQUE A char, who was scalded when her McDonalds deep brown spilled won a jury award of $2. 9 million or about two days coffee sales for the fast-food chain. Lawyers for Stella Liebeck, 81, who suffered thirddegree burns in the 1992 accident, contended that McDonalds coffee was too spicy. A state district tribunal jury imposed $2. 7 million in retaliatory indemnity and $160,000 in compensatory damages Wednesday.Ken Wagner, wizard of Liebecks attorneys, verbalize that he had asked the jury for punitive damages equal to two days worth of McDonalds coffee sales, which he estimated at $1. 34 million a day. affidavit indicated McDonalds coffee is aidd at 180 to 190 degrees, base on advice from a coffee consultant who has said it tastes best that hot, Wagner said yesterday. The crusade contended Li ebrecks coffee was 165 to 170 degrees when it spilled. In contrast, he said, coffee brewed at home is generally 135 to 140 degrees.Defense attorney Tracy McGee said the party will appeal. Juror Richard Anglada said the jury was hard to deliver a marrow to the industry. The coffees too hot out there. This happened to be McDonalds, Anglada said Wednesday. Liebecks lead counsel, Reed Morgan of Houston, said there build been several lawsuits nationally over the temperature of McDonalds coffee, but that he believes the Liebeck case was the set-back to reach the verdict stage. A California case was settled out of courtroom for $235,000, he said. He said the womans medical bills amount nearly $10,000.According to testimony, Liebeck was a passenger in a car impelled by her grandson outside a McDonalds in southeast Albuquerque when she was burnt by a cupful of coffee purchased at a drive-through window. The jury found, among other things, that the coffee was defective and that McDon alds engaged in conduct only ififying the punitive damages. Caption PHOTO Associated Press/Adolph Louis THE VICTIM Stella Liebeck, who suffered third- degree burns when a cup of McDonalds coffee spilled on her, is shown with her dog at her residence in Albuquerque. Woman burned by coffee given $2. 9 million by jury Austin American-Statesman Copyright 1994 Friday, August 19, 1994 ALBUQUERQUE, N. M. A jury awarded $2. 9 million in damages to a woman who suffered third-degree burns after spilling a cup of McDonalds coffee. Stella Liebeck, 81, said in her lawsuit she was riding in a car in 1992 when she put a cup of the coffee between her legs opus she removed the cap. The coffee spilled, scalding her. Testimony indicated McDonalds coffee is served at 180 to 190 degrees, based on a coffee consultants advice that it tastes best that hot. In contrast, the lawsuit said, coffee brewed at home is generally 135 to 140 degrees.Juror Richard Anglada confirmed the jury was trying to deliver a kernel to the fast-food industry with the large punitive damages. The coffees too hot out there, Anglada said. Coffee burns result in $2. 9 million award from McDonalds The Fort cost Star-Telegram Copyright 1994 Thursday, August 18, 1994 Associated Press ALBUQUERQUE, N. M. A jury awarded $2. 9 million in damages to a woman who suffered third-degree burns after spilling a cup of McDonalds coffee. Stella Liebeck, 81, said in her lawsuit that McDonalds serves coffee that is too hot.Liebeck testified she was riding in a car in February 1992 when she put the cup of coffee between her legs while she removed the cap. The coffee spilled and she suffered severe burns on her legs, groin and merchant shipocks. Reed Morgan, her attorney, said the womans medical bills totaled close to $10,000. Juror Richard Anglada said the jury was trying to deliver a message to the fast-food industry. The coffees too hot out there, she said. This ( secure) happened to be McDonalds. Tracy McGee, McDonald s attorney, said the company would appeal. Coffee Spill Burns Woman Jury Awards $2. cardinal The Wall Street Journal Copyright (c) 1994, Dow Jones & Co. , Inc. Friday, August 19, 1994 The Business of Law ALBUQUERQUE, N. M. (AP) A woman who was scalded when her McDonalds Corp. coffee spilled was awarded almost $2. 9 million by a jury. Lawyers for Stella Liebeck, who incurred thirddegree burns in the1992 incident, contended that McDonalds coffee was too hot. On Wednesday, a state district court jury imposed $2. 7 million in punitive damages and $160,000 in compensatory damages. Defense attorney Tracy McGee has said the company will appeal.Ms. Liebecks medical bills totaled almost $10,000, according to one of her attorneys. Testimony indicated that McDonalds coffee is served at between 180and 190 degrees, based on advice from a coffee consultant who has said the beverage tastes best at that temperature, Ken Wagner, one of Ms. Liebecks attorneys, said yesterday. The lawsuit contended that Ms. Liebecks coffee was between 165 and 170 degrees when it spilled. In contrast, the complaint said, coffee brewed at home is generally between 135 and 140 degrees. Woman spills coffee, sues, wins $2. 9 million The Fort Worth Star-Telegram Copyright 1994 Friday, August 19, 1994 Jennifer Packer Star-Telegram Writer A jury in Albuquerque, N. M. , awarded nearly $2. 9 million to an81-year-old woman who was burned by a cup of coffee that she spilled on herself while riding in a car. Stella Liebeck suffered third-degree burns on her buttocks, groin and legs after she removed the screen from a cup of McDonalds coffee that she had placed between her legs while riding in a car being driven by her grandson, according to testimony. The incident occurred in 1992. The jury awarded $2. 7 million in punitive damages and $160,000 in compensatory damages Wednesday.Liebecks medical bills totaled nearly $10,000, according to court documents. She couldnt sit. Her butt was burned, her crotch wa s burned -if you could see the pictures . . . it was disgusting, Tracey Salazar, an Albuquerque civil court clerk, told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. She did deserve something, but $2. 9 million dollars? Thats how it works in society today, Salazar said. Testimony at the trial indicated that McDonalds coffee is served at temperatures between 180 and 190 degrees Fahrenheit under a corporate guideline based on advice from a coffee consultant.The womans coffee was between 165 and 170 degrees when it was spilled, according to testimony. Liebecks lawyer, Reed Morgan, told The Associated Press that Liebecks isnt the first lawsuit filed over McDonalds coffee temperature. But its likely the first one to reach a verdict, he said. McDonalds attorney Tracy McGee said the company will appeal the decision. We will pursue all the appropriate remedies, she said. Ray Waddell, a Texas Wesleyan University law professor, said he believes that the heavy punitive damages were meant to serve as a lesson to McDonalds and other eaterys. Its their legal duty not to serve dangerously hot coffee, Waddell said. The $2. 7 million is to . . . get McDonalds attention so they wont progress to boiling hot coffee anymore. Its more than likely the jury just got mad at McDonalds and decided to punish them. Waddell said the publicity surrounding the case could provoke copycat coffee-inspired lawsuits. You can suppose that hoi polloi all over the country will go around buying big cups of coffee and spilling it on themselves, he said. Fort Worth Fire Department Lt. G. D. Wilder said any liquid hotter than 110 degrees can cause a burn.Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The hotter it is, the less time it paying backs to burn, Wilder said. The depth of the burn, he said, depends on how abundant the tegument has been exposed to the hot substance. A small, unscientific survey yesterday by the StarTelegram showed that coffee temperatures at Tarrant County restaurants ranged from 155to 175 degre es. The hottest coffee, at 175 degrees, came from a Dunkin Donuts monetary fund. A 7-Eleven store served it at 170 degrees. A Whataburger restaurants coffee was 160 degrees, and a cup of Texaco coffee registered 155degrees.One McDonalds manager in Fort Worth, who would not give her name, said company policy mandates that coffee be prepared at a temperature of about 195 degrees. But another Fort Worth McDonalds manager, who also declined to give her name, gave the official temperature as 170 degrees and said she has never had any complaints. Its not a problem, she said. They always come back for more. A Fort Worth Jack in The box manager said company policy dictates that coffee be made with water thats about 195 degrees. Its supposed to come out at 191 or better.We just want to make sure theres a minimum temperature, manager Bobby Woodard said, adding that the staff checks water temperature daily with digital thermometer. Ive never had anybody saying that it was too hot. At Grady s American Grill, a nationwide franchise whose parent company owns Chilis and several other chain restaurants, the only coffee temperature policy is an informal one As long as its steaming, its hot enough to serve, said David Lalas, general manager of the chains Helen Street restaurant. But Lalas said that he thinks the McDonalds verdict will change that soon. Im sure therell be some kind of stipulation on how hot its supposed to be and to calibrate it, Lalas said. For true coffee drinkers, Lalas said, its never going to be too hot for them. Law Professor Waddell said he wouldnt be surprised if the verdict against McDonalds opens the door to a new era of food servers who will poke their fingers into cups of coffee before offering them to customers- all in the name of protecting their restaurants against legal complaints. It would cost them millions of dollars a day to check their coffee, Waddell said. The cheapest way to test it is to stick a finger in it. Staff writer Chris Vaugh n contributed to this report, which contains material from The Associated Press. LETTERS Austin American-Statesman Copyright 1994Friday, September 2, 1994 Take responsibility When are we going to make people answerable for their own actions? To blame McDonalds for serving hot coffee, let alone awarding $2. 9million for damages as reported Aug. 19, is ludicrous. It was Stella Liebeck who spilled the coffee, not McDonalds McDonalds should not be held responsible for her bad judgment.Im no fan of McDonalds but I am a senior citizen myself, and in good conscience I could not sue McDonalds for individual(prenominal) injury caused by mown carelessness. Whats happened to our legal and jury systems? Is there no commonsense left in America? ROSE M. DONOVAN Austin, 78731-3918 Hot topic And lawyers approve why so many view them as liars, cheats and corrupters of our legal system. Just look at the $2. 9 million given to an Albuquerque, N. M. , woman by a jury that was somehow convinced that McDonalds makes their coffee too hotStella Liebeck, 81, was riding in a car in 1992, and spilled coffee between her legs when she removed the cups chapeau and burned herself. Testimony indicated that McDonalds serves coffee at between 180 and190 degrees Fahrenheit, while home brewed coffee is between 135 to 140 degrees. Just for fun, I look into the temperature of our two noncommercial coffee pots a Freeware percolator and a Militia drip. The perc serves its brew at 190 and the drip at 185. Ill bet by the Laws of Chemistry that if I served boiled coffee it would be around 212, egg shells included.When Ford Motor Co. purposely chose to let people die in Pintos and face injury in models with a C-4 transmission instead of spending pennies on prevention, that was criminal. When McDonalds or any restaurant serves you hot coffee you should get exactly what you order -hot coffee. I view I want to ask the lawyers and plaintiffs whats next -insulated cups, Tabasco, the famous cry in Mex ican restaurants Hot Plate, melted cheese on pizza? Maybe that woman was too old to be served hot coffee and we should withhold dangerous food and beverages from anyone over 65.Ill be real disappointed the next time I order Hot and Sour soup and can only get Vichyssoise instead. ROBERT D. ATKINSON Austin, 78753 THE COFFEES HOT, STUPID A proud nation of pioneers has become a land of whining plaintiffs capital of Georgia Journal Copyright 1994 The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Tuesday, September 13, 1994EDITORIALDebra Saunders San Francisco Is it the job of the courts to protect Americans from themselves? Recent court cases suggest that many plaintiffs and jurors believe so. Last months jury award in Albuquerque of $2. million in punitive damages to a woman scalded by McDonalds coffee is the first case. Stella Liebeck, 79, was a passenger in a car driven by her grandson whence bought her megabucks cup of coffee at a McDonalds drive-through in1992. She spilled the coffee on her lap a fter she pried the lid from the cup, which she had placed between her legs. It shouldnt take an Einstein to figure out that you dont open a full cup of coffee anywhere near your legs never mind between them in a moving car. But in America, we reward such thoughtlessness and punish entities that dont treat people like mindless boobs.Juror Richard Anglada explained that the jury wanted to send the restaurant industry a message The coffees too hot out there. This happened to be McDonalds. Its true, restaurant coffee tends to be served at temperatures hotter than java brewed at home. So make McDonalds pay for Liebecks medical bills. But reward her with $2. 7 million for being careless wither coffee? Now some restaurants are considering putting monition labels on their coffee. Let them read Hot Stupid. Because in this litigious age, its not enough to be hot, and everybody knows it, you have to shout hot so that no one forgets it.In Sacramento and San Luis Obispo counties, separate l awsuits have been filed against authors Laura Davis and Ellen Bass, whose book The Courage to Heal, has become a self-help bible for incest survivors. Or, perhaps I should say, people who believe they are incest survivors. The book encourages readers to search for retrieved memories of incest thus Even if you are unable to remember any specific instances of childhood sexual abuse but you have a feeling that something happened in your childhood, it probably did. No doubt the book has prompted some desperate people to conjure up false memories, with tragic consequences.Last week, a Sacramento Superior court judge dismissed the suit against the authors but let stay Deborah Davids suit against her therapists, minister and be cured _or_ healedth-care provider. As Neil Shapiro, who represents authors Davis and Bass, told the San Francisco Chronicle These are ideas, and you cant have liability for ideas. While the court ruled correctly, it is disturbing that David asked the courts to shield her from the power of an idea. Her therapists and the authors through their books convinced David, the$4million-plus complaint argued, that she was abused as a child, and that she had multiple personalities. The suit complained that while the book promised healing, it failed to heal David. She relied on such representations and, in reliance thereon, purchased the book and the workbook and read them as directed. There is an irony in this suit Two priestesses in the cult of victimology have faced two suits based on the assumption that the plaintiffs were helpless before their rhetoric. Victimology has gone full circle. America has devolved from a country of pioneers to a nation of plaintiffs.

Factors Affecting the Grades of Freshmen Engineering Students Essay

INTRODUCTIONThis chapter is the input section of the paper. It includes the background of the turn over, the statement of the problem, hypotheses of the pick out, guess base (technical framework), its significance, as well as the scope and the limitation of the study, and its rendering of terms.Background of the StudyAcademic performance according to the Cambridge University Reporter (2003) is frequently defined in terms of examination performance. College grading is an exception every(prenominal)y complex phenomenon because it is eccentric to both external societal forces and internal changes of the participants (for example, students, faculty) policies and practices (for example, grading policies) and other factors (Birnbaum, 1977)Ecoamists view grades as a reward for academic performance, which is assumed to be related to somebody academic ability as well as the quantity and effort the student puts forth in educational activites (Becker, 1965 Hanushek 1979)Psychologist sugge st that motivation, self-effacy and other psychological variables all make differences inindividual achievement and grades (Bandura, 1994 fenland and Roche, 2000 McKeachie and others, 1990)Faculty members have the elemental responsibility in assessing student academic performance and charge grades to students. Faculty backgrounds appear to numerate somewhat in assigning grades to students. adjunct faculty members tend to distributehigher grades than regular faculty. (Chen and Cheng, 1999Sonner, 2000). Student academic ability and engagement in college are important determinants in academic performance. (Pascarella and Terenzini, 1991). on that point are many possible factors why the students able to get high or low grades. These factors are classified into four categories student-related, teacher-related, surroundingsal-related, and financial-related factors.Their grades ground on their works throughout the semester. This study is contented to the Freshmen engineering Student s of the University of Southeastern Philippines. It attempts to determine the correlation of the perceived factors that may or may at affect the grades of the freshmen plan students. By conducting study, the result will provide exact teaching on what will be the effective ways to achieve andmaintain ideal grades for the students to live their course. The study will also provide what are the basic problems encountered by the freshmen engine room students of University of Southeastern Philippines that affect their misbehavior. (repository, 2011)Statement of the ProblemThe study aims to determine the comprehend Factors Affecting the Grades of Freshmen of College of applied science of the University of Southeastern Philippines S.Y. 2012 2013More specifically, the study aimed to answer the following questions1. To what extent is the academic performance of the Freshmen Engineering studentsHypotheses of the StudyThe following are the hypotheses of the study1.) Teacher-related facto rs1.1. thither is a significant relationship between the modulation of voice of the teacher to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 1.2. There is a significant relationship between the teaching method strategy of the teacher to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 1.3. There is a significant relationship between the mastery of the teachers undefended matter to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 1.4. There is a significant relationship between the outputs given by the teacher to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students.2.) Student-related factors2.1. There is a significant relationship between the students interest to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 2.2. There is a significant relationship between the students-professor relationship to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 2.3. There is a significant relationship between the student-parent relationship to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 2.4. T here is a significant relationship between peer pressure to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students.3.) Financial-related factors3.1. There is a significant relationship between financial avail to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 3.2. There is a significant relationship between budget management to the grades of thefreshmen Engineering students. 3.3. There is a significant relationship between the demand of inevitably or requirements to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students.4.) Environmental-related factors4.1. There is a significant relationship between the schools ambiance to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students. 4.2. There is a significant relationship between the schools facilities to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students.Theory BaseThis study is primarily anchored on John Riley & Sons, Inc. which states that the factors menti iodind that affects the grades of the College students are Economic View, Faculty, Institution, a nd the students self-interest. College grading is an exceptionally complex phenomenon because it is subject to both external social forces and internal changes of the participants (for example, students, faculty) policies and practices (for example, grading policies) and other factors (Birnbaum, 1977)Ecoamists view grades as a reward for academic performance, which is assumed to be related to individual academic ability as well as the quantity and effort the student puts forth in educational activites (Becker, 1965 Hanushek 1979) Psychologist suggest that motivation, self-effacy and other psychological variables all make differences inindividual achievement and grades (Bandura, 1994 Marsh and Roche, 2000 McKeachie and others, 1990)Faculty members have the primary responsibility in assessing student academic performance and assigning grades to students. Faculty backgrouds appear to matter somewhat in assigning grades to students. adjunct faculty members tend to distributehigher grade s than regular faculty. (Chen and Cheng, 1999Sonner, 2000). Institutional characteristics influence grading practices. Grades are not uniformly appointed across institutional types. Public institutions tend to award lower gradescompared with their private counterparts.Students at different Carnegie-type institutions receive different grades. Students at doctoral universities tend toreceive the highest grades compared with students enrolled in other types of schools. (Kuh and Hu, 1999) This theory suggests that self-interest (students performance), faculty, institution, and financial-based factors could affect the grades of the students. Thistheory strongly supports the hypotheses of the study.Conceptual FrameworkFigure 1 shows the independent and dependent variables of the study. The study attempts to identify the relationship between the teacher-related, student-related, financial-related, and environmental-related factors to the grades of the freshmen Engineering students of the University of Southeastern Philippines.Independent varyingDependent VariableTeacher- related factors* Modulation of teachers voice.* Classroom management.* Teaching strategy.* Mastery of the subject/subject matter.* Outputs given to the students.Student-related factors* Student-interest.* Student-professor relationship.* Student-parent relationship.* Peer pressure.Financial-related factors* Financial assistance.* Budget management.* Demand of unavoidably or requirements.Grades of the Engineering students of the University of Southeastern PhilippinesFigure 1. Schematic Diagram of the StudyVariables of the studyThe independent variables (IV) of the study are the following classification of factors teacher-related, student-related, financial-related, and environmental-related factors. Thus these factors could or could at affect the dependent variable (DV) which is the grades of the Freshmen Engineering Students of the University of SoutheasternPhilippines.Teacher-related factors. The modulation of the teachers voice, classroom management, teaching strategy, mastery of the subject or subject matter, and the outputs given by the teacher could or could at affect the grades of the freshmen Engineering students.Student-Related factors. The students interest, student-professor relationship, student-parent relationship, and peer pressure could or could at affect the grades of the freshmen Engineering students.Environmental-Related factors. The financial assistance given to the student, budget management, and the demand of needs or requirements could or could at affect the grades of the freshmen Engineering students.Significance of the StudyThe study was conducted mainly to provide information regarding The Perceived Factors Affecting the Failing Grades of Freshmen of College of Engineering of the University of Southeastern Philippines S.Y. 2012 2013.The feedback of this study would benefit the following Teachers. This study informs the teachers to be aware for the ca ses of the students whove been involve in failing their subjects and serving them motivate the students to listen properly during class hours and to fulfill their requirements given to them. Students.This study encourage the students to be more responsible and more serious of their studies. Parents. This study helps the parents to be aware of their students needs in school. That includes their financial assistance and parental guidance to their students. Future researchers. This study would serve as a reference to their studies and could be counted as a reliable source. Scope and Limitation of the StudyThe study focuses on the Perceived Factors Affecting the Failing Grades of Freshmen of College of Engineering of the University of Southeastern Philippines. Generated to a survey questionnaire is our primary data used which was also used in interview guide with the students. The respondents of the study were randomly picked ten (10) students of every section in thesaid department.The study covers the first semester of the school year 2012-2013.Definition of Terms* Freshmen Engineering students. This refers to the participants of the study which are taking their college degree in the University of Southeastern Philppines, Barrio Obrero, Davao City. * Teacher-related factors. This refers to the factors in which the teacher is the one being subjected that could or could at affect the grades of the freshmen Engineering students of the University of Southeastern Philppines. In this study, the teacher-related factors are modulation of teachers voice, classroom management, teaching strategy, mastery of the subject matter, and the outputs given to the students.* Student-related factors. This refers to the factors in which the student is the one being subjected that could or could at affect the grades of the freshmen Engineering students of the University of Southeastern Philppines. In this study, the student-related factors are students interest, student-professor rela tionship, student-parent relationship, and peer pressure.* Environmental-related factors.This refers to the factors in which the environment is the one being subjected that could or could at affect the grades of the freshmen Engineering students of the University of Southeastern Philppines. In this study, the environmental-related factors are schools ambiance and the schools facilities.* Financial-related factors.This refers to the factors in which money is the one being subjected that could or could at affect the grades of the freshmen Engineering students of the University of Southeastern Philppines. In this study, the financial-related factors are financial assistance, budget management, demand of needs or requirements.

Servis Shoes

SERVIS SHOES BY Muhammad Umer Hassan Masood S ervis Industries was started by two young energetic friends from Gujrat. These young individuals named Ch. Nazar Muhammad (Late) and Ch. Muhammad Hussain (Late) started a small home plate line of reasoning in 1941 in Lahore. At that time, they only manufactured handbags and a few other sports goods. exactly in few years, their business flourished and in 1954, they installed a shoe manufacturing plant in Gulberg, Lahore. Later, this plant was shifted to Gujrat and in 1959, redevelopment Sales Corporation (Pvt. ) ltd. was established which has taken servicing Industries to its highs.Service operates in to sectors, genius is the manufacturing and other is the marketing. Manufacturing is at a lower place the Sevice Industries, while the marketing is under the Service Sales Corporation that was established in 1959. The main manufacturing plants or Service Indurtry is located in Gujrat and Mureedkay while the Service Sales Corporation i s located in Lahore. Servis Shoes has a distri thoion alliance with m either international check offs which includes the following * Nike * Hush Puppies * Pierre Cardin * Urban repair * CAT * Ecc While the Servis Shoes include the following brands Don Carlos * Cheeta * Soul * CALZA * Liza * Skooz * Toz Servis has everywhere 400+ branches in Pakistan and 100 branches in Lahore itself. It is a growing business in international market, and currently it has retail outlets in operating in gulf atomic number 18as (Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates), Keyna and Europe. Servis Shoes enjoys a rich business relationship of excellent performance and it has given its consumers the best prime(a) crops within their economic range and with high durability. Servis Shoes offers nearly 200 harvest-feasts per season which is summer and winter.It entertains it consumers with variety, shade and durability which is within the income brackets of the consumers. Mission Statement Spending time s electing the dependable footwear and making sure that they are comfortable, is time well spent visual modality Statement To become a Global, World class and diversified compevery this leverages its brands and its people SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Cover wide variety of customers 2. Extensive retail Network 3. Employee Loyalty 4. Diversified range of businesses 5. Highly qualified management 6. Partnership with high end brands 7. Less Employ turnover rate . concentrated brand image 9. Advanced Technology 10. Low cost of production 11. Largest footwear group in Pakistan Weaknesses 1. No proper planning regarding advertisement 2. to a greater extent foc apply on sports and casual footwear alternatively than formal shoes 3. Female market penetration is weak 4. Low aspiration value in high income group 5. Weak corporate image of Service Group 6. As compare to other competitors distribution network is weak Opportunities 1. E traffic 2. Penetration in female segment 3. Entering naked segments of market 4. Innovative products 5. New mediums for advertisement 6.Improve shopping experience at retail outlets Threats 1. electricity and gas crises 2. Unstable political condition 3. Increase in Taxes 4. Poor law and order situation 5. Devaluation of Pakistani rupee 6. Stiff completion in market from local and foreign brands 7. Unbranded small players competing against different brands of servis Current Situation Political Trends Political instability is affecting the footwear pains and readiness crises are the main issue as it increases the cost of production. The logical implication of underpriced shoes has badly affected the domestic footwear industry.The government of encouraging both import and export that encourages the foreign investors to invest in Pakistan but it is making it difficult for the domestic producers to compete in prices of the product both domestically and internationally. economic Trends Economic crises have badly affected footwear industry especially to the bare-assed material used in manufacture footwear. The combine export of the shoe industry has decreased substantially. Social Trends In Pakistan the life ardour of people is changing with a fast pace. Their life has become more money and time oriented. in that respect is a major shift in the values of the people of Pakistan.People now prefer western life style rather than the traditional one. As cities are growing and more people shifting from ruler areas to urban areas in that respectfore increase students, people having jobs and trend to play sports and healthy physical activities so this affectionate trend has direct positive impact on demand of footwear industry. Technological Trends New technology trends in addition effecting footwear industry in Pakistan. multinational competitors are introducing innovative techniques to manufacture footwear. Like in sports footwear new technology is being used regarding technical aspects on that particular sport.For runing of lovesome material like leather new techniques are being implemented by multinationals Decision Making Product line decision In the product line the major decision is the expansion of product line or the changes in the product mix which consists of the product lines. The marketing di ken of the Service Industries has to lay off what is the relation of new product to its existing product line. On the other hand it also has to check that what pull up stakesbetheeffectofintroducingthenewproductupontheexisting products line or thecompany image.Theexpansioninproductline,inServiceIndustries,issuchthatitcanintroduce a new product without pruning any product from the product line. Orthe company may introduce a new product while prune a nonher product from the product line. at that place are some reasons for the pruning of a product from this product line. One reason may be that the product is not producing the desired profits furtherance decision The package decision closely t he product is another important area. Manymarketers have called packaging as the fifth P of marketing. In Service Industries, zonal managers do thepackaging.They call the designers tomake the package design and select the best out of the total design Branding decision Brandingdecisionisalsooneofthemostimportantdecisionsinthemarketing. ServiceIndustrieshasbrandeditsproductsbythenameofServis Styling and designing Another way to product distinctiveness is through style and design. Some companies stand out for design distinctiveness. Service Industries is also one of these companies because it has its own styles and designs. In assistant industries the styles and designs are made with the help of local get officers who are responsible for making newdesign Planning 012 will be a year full of challenges, and they unavoidableness to be a company that outperforms the market in challenging times. The companys diversification strategy, in its existing business and perhaps even in new busin esses, is being followed with the hoidenishs dynamics in mind. Continued focus on exports to identify new markets will turn out positively as the management believes that in that respect are still many untapped markets in the world. The share in the domestic market still leaves room for growth, both in the tyre business and in the footwear business. Strategic plansThe strategic plans of the servis group are no different to other companies. To develop an face with a cross-functional and self sustaining staff that champions the vision that has breadth and depth of agniseledge in their function as it relates to producing a best-of-class product. The constitution wants to increase the market share by attracting more valuable customers. But the main concern is to satisfycustomer by forever providing them with the best quality product. Tobe ahead of its competitors, by effectively utilizing the organizations competitive advantages.Neverget satisfied withthelevelofquality they alway sstriveforcontinuous improvement using latest techniques. To make their presence in the market well known they want to create a healthy and positive image of the products among consumers. Tactical Plans The tactical plans for the servis group is to keep up with the employment requirements of the organization as they know that employees are the real assets and are as important as external customers. They want to stabilize their growth due to the financial crisis all over the world.The prices of raw material has increased substantially during past few years so they want to keep their over head costs as low as possible so that they will be able to provide quality products to the customers at affordable prices. Customer turnover rate has increased because of the launch of new low priced brands in the market an extensive advertising plan is in action that will help retaining and bringing back the customers. Long term plans The abundant term plans of the servis is to increase its market share by penetrating deeper into the market.Short-term plan The short term plan of the servis is to stabilize the growth of the company. In the retail shops Servis will sale their A pair articles through the advertisement then near the offseasonthroughsalesthenthroughreductioninprices then company will stop the production and send these all articles from retail to FOL and sale these articles Management by Objectives MBO is being strongly followed in the organization as almost all the employees work as a team and effectively participate in the decision making process.The employees are not over burdened by setting some unrealistic goals and employee evaluation is done once a year to check employees performance jibe to the objectives. For this heading HR department uses 360 degree feedback as standard performance appraisal organisation. ISO 9001 certified The servis shoes are ISO 9001 certified this means that they have- * A quality policy that is well understood and followed at al l levels and by all employees. * Each employee works towards a measurable objective. Business makes decisions about the quality system based on recorded data. * Quality system is regularly audited and evaluated for conformance and effectiveness * Company designs products by and by determining customer requirements * Organization has created systems for communicating with customers about product information, inquiries, contracts, orders, feedback, and complaints. * Organization regularly reviews performance through internal audits and meetings. Organization determines whether the quality system is working and what improvements can be made. Makes sure no one uses a bad product, * Determines what to do with a bad product, * Deals with the root cause of problems, and * Keeps records to use as a tool to improve the system. Chain Of Command domain 4 Region 3 Region 2 Region 1 CEO President Executive valetudinarianism President Chairman Executive Vice President Head of Human Resource He ad of Exports Chief Financial Officer GM SIL Muridke Factory GM Domestic Sales Chief moneymaking(prenominal) Officwer GM SIL Gujrat Factory The chain of supremacy for service is quiet easy and simple to understand .It clearly defines that who reports to whom and everybody know its required work and there is no barriers to chat because according to HR Manager Mr Bilal Alam he said that We make sure that there is no barriers between top managers and employee and we put our effort to fancy that every employee get an equal right in what he want to say and he has full access to the top authority. Unity of command is also used by Service in order to get the best results possible from their employees because if there is no clear direction for employees that who will judge their work than they wont be able to perform well and conflicts will rise.Span of control Wide span of control is used by the service because they have a large variety of products and manager needs quite wider range of subordinates. Managers of service make sure that theie employees work effectively and efficiently by assessing their work and providing them with the clear guidelines. Centralization VS Decentralization Decentralization process is used by the service department but within the limited range. They pass dash off the authority to those employees who have been working for the organization for more than 5 years because they have a better experience in handling the situation.Organic organization Service is based upon the organic organization which means that they are low in specialization, formalization and centralization. Servis has created a friendly environment within the organization and doors are always open for service employees to share their problems with the top authorities. Informal communication channel is being practiced with few rules and flattered structures. Structure of the organization Matrix structure is used by the organization and the main reason behind it is that s ervice has large amount of different product range and every products requires a product manager.Service has a major drawback in terms of this structure because its cost is high and it can create a sense of resentment within employees but on the other hand its advantages far exceeds its disadvantages. Servis has adopted the framework of the learning organization which means that they do not stick to the traditional ways of doing work but rather are adaptable to change and this has given Servis an edge over its competitors Bata which still sticks to the traditional methods. Over past years Servis has updated its staff, its machineries as well as their communication channels.Motivational Policies Promotion policies The company also motivates its employees by promoting them to higher leveljobs after specific period. For example, an employee working as a helper is promoted to the assistant supervisor afterspecific period. Bonuses The company also motivates its employees by giving them b onuses. These bonuses dependon yearly profitsofthecompany. Usually theygivethe bonuses once a year according to the wages and the salaries of the workers Compensation and Reward systemSalary, Health Insurance,Group Life Insurance,Perk, Provident Fund, Bonus, Leave Fare Assistant, Paid Leaves etc. all these lay in the compass ofcompensationandrewardsmanagementinSILtheserewardsandjobcompensation are given to employees for keeping their morale high. 30%discount is given toits employees on Service all products Employee Palnning- Like any other organization, Servis undertake employee planning in order to make sure that they have right number of employees at the right time and at the right place.Employee planning is reaccessed every year in order to get their organization updated with employeees who can provide Servis with the best output possible. Recruitment Process- The conjurement process is undertaken by HR manager every year and advertisement and interlinks are being used as a rec ruiting sources. It is not a pet decession to recruit employees through training and main emphasis is given on interlinks. Individuals and pannel interviews are being undertaken once the individuals get through that process than screening and short itemization is being done.After all this process, employees are being recruited and there are mainly 2 typecasts of employees 1. Experienced Employee 2. Fresh employee Work ethics are not thaught to employees because it comes with the employees but norms and values are being taught to everyone so that they may be familiar with the organization and perform their jobs within the boundaries defined by the organization. After employees has been part of the organization employee orientation is taken into accouny which means that employee are introduced to the company.Training is also an important part of the Servis in order to update their employees and achieve the highwst standards set by the organization. The important type of on the job t rainig conducted by Servis include job rotation in order to develop multiple skills and off the job training include mansion house as well as simultaneous exercises. Conclusion and Recommendations Servis Shoes is doing exponentially good in the market and is proving to be a local Pakistani brand that is able to meet the quality bench mark set by Bata in Pakistan.Servis Shoes have used varies techniques to give this international brand a good competition with in Pakistan and is also spreading its network abroad. Serviss sales have increased over the past three years and there has been no noticeable fall in the quality of Servis. However, there is still a need from the consumers side of further better quality products. Soul is doing exponentially good in market, and so is Cheetah, but from the analysis and research, it has been seen that Don Carlos is not doing as good as the other two products of Servis that were analysed.The quality of Don Carlos need to taken into account. Current ly, Bata, the major competitor or Servis, is not giving any such competition to Servis in this line but other international products are. Zara, a local brand, is gaining popularity quickly Studio Empoli has already made its image in Pakistan and so on. Servis needs to realize that in Don Carlos, its prime competitor is not Bata, in fact its multiple other brands, local and international both. Hence, Servis should cater to the needs of the consumers and expectations of the consumers accordingly.

Re-offender puts lives at risk Essay

Ex-convict Mr. J superstars was held in custody yesterday for the bribery of 2 local children, Jack and Jill Bramcote. The pair of children aged no less than 12 were bribed with a pack of sweets to climb up the blue jet hill formally know as the death trap to collect a pale of water. The 2 children asleep of the great danger accepted the offer to consequently gamble their lives.Whilst on their voyage up the death trap to the derelict wellspring Jack passed let on from exhaustion and dehydration, falling 40 meters to the ground. Unfortunately Jill came plummeting after trying to save her be-loved brother.When questioned all Mr Jones had to say was, stupid naive kids But of cause we all no Mr. Jones is very used to the you pick out a right to remain silent, anything you do say may be held against you in court concept as this isnt his first time in trouble with the police now is it Mr Jones? Mr Jones is due to be in court next week for a number of charges, one of which aiding and betting.Haunted HappeningsTwo local 9 year old children Jack and Jill Morris were found in a critical state at the do-nothing of the green hill on Saturday evening. Its thought that the 2 children were planning on climbing the hill to prove their belief that the derelict well is not watch over and is not the home of bloody Mary. A girl from the childrens school explains the myths,well for generations people that have lived in the village of Nottingham have known that the well at the top of the green hill is haunted and that it is the home of the bloody Mary, a vicious women, who can poses anyone with evil spirits, and marks all victims with a Greek symbolTrails found on the green hill have been identified as Jack and Jills, the trails were found going up the hill, that no(prenominal) were found coming come out it, there is no evidence that Jack and Jill ever came down the hill, yet they both ended up at the bottom of it. Doctors have stated that the cause of the pairs injury w as not due to a trip or a fall. Symbols forensics found on the wall of the well have also been found on Jack and Jill on their left shoulder. After an intense 2 days historians reported that the symbol government agency let the curse be upon the persons whom are marked and that it is Greek terminology.Both children are in intensive care and have not yet awoken. law of nature hope to question the pair when they regain consciousness and have said that until then they cannot comment on the evidence until done so. The green hill and well have both been cordoned off until more evidence has been gathered on the happenings of the 22nd January.Killer constructionOn Tuesday 23rd October 2008 police found 2 children in a critical state at the bottom of a hill in Nottingham. Its believed that the children (not named for security reasons) were roaming the town in their holidays and decided to consume a drink from a well positioned on the summit of the hill. Prints have been found on the well matching the childrens and so prove they got to the well, but after having a drink the pair had a water fight and in frantic running, rushing, ducking and diving the eldest out of the two came stumbling down the hill after falling over a piece of timber. All alone the younger sibling was left give wayled and shocked, and came running down after her brother only to fall over a scaffolding pole left behind after construction work.The pair was airlifted to the nearest hospital and true urgent medical care. Police investigating found the construction company, Gilford Try to blame due to the state the company left the hill in after aborting a major plan to build a mega-home on the land. The company should by law put up signs, posters and gates with warning and danger written in bold that can be clearly seen, however the company didnt have any signs or anything to indicate danger. Seen as the company failed to follow the rules, they have been fined 300,000.The mother of the children g ave us her view, I think its pathetic, a big company like that would risk lives and their reputation just because they cant be bothered to put up a few signs There is no excuse for putting someones life at risk and thats just what they did to both of my children putting them through a lot of pain and suffering. It seems they left behind a death trap only to start building another one Susan Miles the mother of the children have begun the process of suing the company and will have a minimum settlement of 400,000.Step up or fall downOn Monday of last week celebrities Jack Johnson and Jill Hepp were both emitted to hospital with several broken bones after a terrible calamity filming choreography for their upcoming movie step up two, the streets.Jack was said to have tripped over whilst lifting Jill, sending the pair flying down the Hollywood hill. First aiders on standby immediately treated the stars while waiting for a helicopter to airlift them both to the nearest private hospital. I n a statement the producers of step up two, the streets announced that the films launch date has been postponed until November.

Analysis of Professional Development Plan Essay

The definition of schoolmaster instruction varies in school districts and educators agree that the term is ever changing and involves the hire of technology. slightly educators have said that the term has an operational definition. In the article, key design factors in durable instructional technology original culture, author John well offers the following definition for educators within the context of the technological ageProfessional developmentgoes beyond the term training with its implications of learning skills, and encompasses a definition that includes egg and informal means of helping teachers not only learn in the altogether skills, but in like manner develop new insights into pedagogy and their own practices, and explore new or advanced understandings of content and resources. This definition of professional development includes support for teachers as they encounter the challenges that come with putting into practice their evolving understanding about the use of t echnology to support inquiry-based learning (p.2).Professional development may encompass various characteristics such as goals and outcomes aligned to the districts, relevant topics in trainings, opportunities for staff collaboration, development maintained by an on-site coordinator, high fictitious character and professional training and evaluations to determine effectiveness of architectural plan.James Polk, author of traits of effective teachers, states, the need for a safe professional development class is well established in research (p.2). Mr. Polk (2006) cites a recent study of factors contributing to three aspects of the teaching process that, teachers rank professional development in the top third of importance on each aspect (p. 2).In analyzing the professional development plan of my school district, Richland County prepare soil One, I noticed several issues that were identified by Mr. Polk. Mr. Polk outlined several problems associated with the traditional in-servi ce programs that are deemed ineffective. Mr. Polk (2006) states thatassumptions, such as periodic in-service being capable to develop new teaching methods and improve practice, teachers being able to learn by listening to a speaker, and professional development being a prodigalityrather than an integral part of district improvement, are all negating factors in the implementation of patronization of training programs (p. 2).Mr. Polk further identifies research-based, more effective assumptions such as professional development should be perpetual, and school depart involves external and internal organizations and personal development. In professional development programs, the instructions to teacher should be demonstrated or modeled, practiced with feedback and professional development should be integrated into the daily life of teachers. Mr. Polk (2006) states that if professional growth rests solely on bimonthly, two-hour in-service sessions after the students are dismissed early , because any training received will unlikely be reflected in student mastery (p.2).Richland County School District Ones (RSDI) professional development program has several members such as the proposal Do Check Act (PDCA), Avatar, and schoolroom walkthrough.According to the Richland County School District Ones website, Plan Do Check Act is used in designing curriculum and delivering classroom instruction, in providing student support services, staff goal setting and evaluation, developing any new program, product or process design, planning strategically and starting a new improvement project or implementing any change. The Plan component is identifying the learning problem and gathering the needed data. The Do component is analyzing the causes and implementing the plan on a trial of pilot basis. The Check component of PDCA is gathering the data results of the solution and analyzing the data. The Act component is implementing the instruction for all students and modifying the i mprovement plan.Avatar is the districts professional development management scheme that allows for teaches to sign up for trainings offered by the district. All the trainings are offered after school or in the summer this contradicts the recommendation offered by Mr. Polk that professional development should be integrated into the daily life of the teacher during the school day.The classroom walkthrough team is a district employee, the principal, assistant principal, and the professional development on-site coordinator. The team conducts the classroom walkthrough by observing the instructional strategies of a teacher for a total of five to ten minutes. The teacher is not offered prior information or feedback on the classroom walkthrough to correct or enhance his instructional strategies. The Richland County School District One website offers the levels of engagement of the students who the team should identify during the walkthrough. The levels Authentic Engagement, Ritual Engageme nt, Passive Compliance, Retreatism, and insubordination and their definitions are cited on the web page but teachers would not know their level due to lack of communication from the classroom walkthrough team.The problem of the poor quality of professional development was identified in the South Carolina schools that I have researched. For example, in Richland County School District Two, the districts professional development program mirrors Richland County School District Ones program by only focusing on providing monthly in-service trainings on half-days for students or summer in-service activities. Both districts also provide the occasional monthly state or national conference in the teachers subject area and online training, i.e. commandal Television. Richland County School District Two differs by offering their Richland School District Twos Technology Education Collaboration Mentors Program. The program is for school-selected representatives from every school in the district. The program focuses on helping fellow staff members develop personal technology skills and integrate technology into their classroom. Besides this program, I was unable to find any divergency from the two districts and the professional development training.Richland County School District One and District Two professional development programs consist of low quality training at once a month, irrelevant topics, lack of feedback from teachers and administrators, and concepts but lack of implementation. The districts programs lack the scope, high quality, accessibility (besides the Avatar system in RSDI), relevancy, and feedback from students. The majority of the districts professional development program is the poor quality program described by Mr. Polk two-hourin-service sessions after the students are dismissed early from school.ReferencePolk, J. (2006). Traits of effective teachers. Arts Education Policy Review, 107, p. 23-30.Wells, J. (2007). Key design factors in durable instruc tional technology professional development. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 15, p. 101-123.www.richlandone.org/ipda/Training_Tools/pdca.htm and www.richland2.org

Ponds’ Concept of Ideal Beauty

Ponds Concept of Ideal Beauty through Its Product Ponds White Beauty It is a common familiarity that in several cultural wares, much(prenominal) as movies, advertisements and other texts, women have become the center of focus virtually of the time. We all screw that advertisement is cardinal of the most important factors for both commercial and non-commercial companies, especially for commercial companies. If the companies do not advertise their products, the society will not pay attention to the products which be sold and the comp either will not be able to reach their goals.That is why companies must have their own way to market and promote their products to be able to compete in the global bussiness competition. They have to market their products and reach the goal target, but it is not easy though. By giving what population desire for, advertisers have the best chance of arresting attention and affecting communication to the viewers. Many advertisements broadcast in media especially television have created such notions. Advertisements are trying to build a mind set towards women to buy their products.Some of them are showing the things which are organism sold, for example the packaging, the picture or the function, and some of them are trying to drive the customers mind. Nowadays, one of the most appealing phenomena is the promotion of snow-cladning products. This kind of product has been widely cattle farm out all over the world, mostly in Asian. The advertisements indirectly give the viewers a concept that underlines the concept of dish antenna which is white is beauty. This notion appears to be quite influential for women, Asian women in particular, to buy their products.One of the most popular whitening products in Indonesia is Ponds. Thither are a lot of types Ponds products, only mostly are still focusing on enhacing womens pare down tone. Ponds Institute have established a lot types of whitening series beginning from Ponds White Beauty until the new one, Ponds Flawless White. The text that is going to be discussed in this essay is Ponds White Beauty commercial that is published in India. In every commercial, Ponds understands that it is womens nature to always want to look and consider comely.Eventually, the definition of beauty has been ruled by the media, so those who follow the ideal beauty concept will be considered as beautiful. For most women who lived in a country that once was colonized by white people, beauty means white. Since most Asian women are colored-skin (dark skin), Ponds offer of self-transformation effectively enlarges the psyche to include signifi kittyt others and must become an extension of the personality and status of their occupants. If we related to historical background, we can draw red line through this kind of ideology of beauty.Most of Asians are colonized by the Western people. Most of Western people are white, then the feeling of inferiority is seen through this. Self-confidence of the women in Asia has been eroded they would do anything to enhace their skin tone since they believe that being white will see them superior. They can define the superior as any kind of meaning but this superiority is only a vague impression. However, most of women do not realize this vague impression they still keep living in the world of imaginary that stated white is better than color.They enjoy being exposed by the lie of media, in this case advertisement. Moreover, Ponds always uses the issue of the sacred link between beauty and romance. It can be seen from the comercial that the man is kindle in the char who is dancing cheerfully, since he has been staring at the woman before. Thus, when the old lady says that to him, he hardly belives her. Instead he asks, How do you know? The old lady reply, Look at the glow The word glow means shines so bright.Our feeling is reflected on our face when we are in a good feeling, our face will look bright and shiny, it also works oth erwise. Getting married usually identical with joyful and happiness, the bride will be sounding shiny, therefore the old lady relates the womans glow with the possibility that she ight be the bride. Then there is a womans that says, Actually its Ponds White Beauty Skin Lightening cream with detox vitamin that gives you nourished pink glow. On the top left of the scene, we can read Fall in rage with the nourished pink glow. The underlined words are bigger than the non-underlined words, it shows that Ponds wants to emphasize on the benefit of the product (which is nourished pink glow on its users face). However, if the excoriate is related to the advertisement, it can be assumed that the man does not actually fall in love with the woman, instead he falls in love with her nourished pink glow. Or it is the nourished pink glow from the product that makes the man falls in love with the woman. We cannot conclude without regarding the product since the product is there and is shown to u s.The promotion of this commercial successfully hegemonizes the society (in this case the viewer, particularly Asian women) that if they use Ponds White Beauty Detox, they will be looking beautiful for they have white skin and rossy cheeks. The viewers are made to believe that the man is not actually falling in love with the woan, instead he falls in love with the nourished pink glow. Here, Ponds tries to convey that beauty is not only white or pale white, but white with rossy color on the cheeks. Hereby, Ponds claims that only them who can give the pink glow to the customers.The customers do not realize that it actually leads them to the system that legitimates their subordination since the ideology that Ponds conveys here is promoting what so-called universal beauty that is based on western culture. The Western still becomes the rulling differentiate, especially in its ex-colonized lands. What can be seen from Ponds commercial is the rulling class domination vs. The ruled class t hrough imaginative representations The media in this case the commercial may be conceptualized for maintaining the ideology and thereby hegemonize the society.If there is a woman who bought the product as she is trying to get beautiful face (white with rossy cheek color on it), then the ideology that lies behind the product is hailed successfully. The messages in the exposit commercial itself hail the hypothetical viewer as a young woman who tries to get her love back. Then the commercial also hails her as a consumer who successfully proven the effectiveness of the product. The message seek to make the viewers recognized and accept particular forms of ideology, which are to deal the product and also to sell an ideology of universal white beauty along with romance.It can be seen how ideology is able to survive among those people who are following and believing it. Althussers ideological theory does allow for resistance to ideology, and the hypothetical women who watch Ponds ad may d o so. The slogan of Ponds Ponds understands that a beautiful skin is always important to a woman underlies the easiness of imposing the ideology that only Ponds can make you feel beauty. In some ways, the whiteness concepts of this nonfunctional can be related to racism, since it is direct or indirect saying that white is better than not white. It is another form of racism where the luck media resents hegemonic concept of beauty (white skin) while claiming that racism is a thing of the past. Ideology is all around us, no one can escape ideology. Even when an individual wants to free himself or herself from any ideology, they are actually adapting and adopting another ideology. An understanding of its attributes and mechanisms, in the context of mass communication and other realms, may aid us in evading its influence, or using it to our ends. Ads as part of cultural production is the primary bearer of ideology because it reaches so many people in what seems to be an innocent form e ntertainment.When we are being entertained in this case with the ads, our guard is down and we are in the most welcoming mode for any ideological programming. Cultural studies has been forced to rethink both idea of a single dominant ideology and the idea that that dominant ideology serves the interests of those in power. *** REFERENCES Gray, Jennifer B. Althusser, Ideology, and Theoritical introduction Theory and Communication. The Journal of Media and Culture. Vol. 3 No. 1. 2005. Ponds. Taken from http//www. unilever. co. id/ourbrands/personalcare/ponds. asp. accessed on 17 March 2009.

Comparing and Contrasting Cartoons Essay

twain of the following two texts, a sketch strip and an extract from a narrative, sh be similarities and differences regarding the fundament and context, audience, pattern as salubrious as authentic formal and stylistic features.The first extract is a resume strip write in 1986 by Cathy Guisewite. The c prowessoon features four panels with three female characters with narrations and speech bubbles to emphasize dialogue and the message regarding womens rights and wind stereotyping. The context of the animated cartoon is to show the inequalities surrounded by sexs. This is evident, when the women begin to associate boys with certain stereotypes such as bulletproof and tough. Therefore indicating that women and young womans straight off are portrayed to be the opposite. The first example of sex stereotyping is seen in the first panel of the cartoon when the first women asks the mother is it a boy or a girl? with the mother responding, This is our foils chance to get to meet people totally relieve from sex stereotyping. Therefore indicating that the mother is against sex stereotyping.Another example of sex stereotyping is featured in the secondment panel when the woman begins to associate boys by certain stereotypes such as sound outs look at that squiffy fist and mischievous sparkle. The enforce of these phrases further emphasizes the circumstance that regular(a) today boys and girls are associated with certain words in order to define them as serviceman beings in our society today. This stereotyping is continued even into the third panel of the cartoon when the woman yet again begins to use stereotypes by using the phrase what a kicker You have a tough strong. The strong use of the emanata in order to emphasize the strong emotions shown by the mother is use in the last speech bubble of the third panel when she angrily replies, Girl, shes a girl A tough strong girl.This outburst is quite important in the cartoon as it shows that the mother has had enough with gender stereotyping. This is shown by the strong use of emanata and by just facial expression at the drawing of her angry and annoyed facial expressions. The use of the words tough, strong girl evoked that boys are not better than girls and that we are all created equal. This phrase is significant as it shows the mother utterance out for what she believes in, and standing up to womens rights and gender stereotyping. The final panel is quite ironic collectable to the fact that as the reader, we would tend to think that after the mothers outburst there would be no more than use of stereotyping. However, it continues again with the women using the word precious to stereotype the little baby girl. The annoyance of the mother is emphasized by her facial expression at the end.This cartoon would be aimed towards a younger or middle-aged generation since it is being represented in a picture cartoon form and would probably be published in newspapers or magazines. T he purpose of the cartoon is to influence the issues such as gender inequality in todays society. The cartoon uses cartoon narrative throughout in order to question societal norms. Throughout each panel captions are used with antithetical font sizes. The font being expressed in all capital letter along with the punctuation mark in order to emphasize the tone. The writing style consists of short dialogue and the cartoon seems to be used in a more generic perspective in order to create the effect of the cartoon being for entertainment as well as intellectual purposes towards the reader.The second text is an extract from a memoir by Shusha guppy, The Blindfolded Horse, Memories of a Persian Childhood, written in 1988. The beginning of the memoir starts by the introduction the Shusha Guppys birth using the first person perspective. This is evident by the use of certain words such as my mothers and my sister. From the beginning of the extract the reader can like a shot notice what the role of women in Persia used to be. This is evident by the use of the phrase Sufficient unto women is the art of producing and raising sons as brave lions. Therefore showing that a womens main role in society was to produce children and to raise them. This therefore emphasizes what the roles of wome in Persia used to be. The theme of gender discrimination is in addition used in certain parts of the extract.This is apparent when Guppy is describing herself being born and uses the thought of her breed having preferred a boy, as men always did in those days in order to honor the theme. The hardships faced in Persia before the changes towards gender equality and womens rights took designate is evident when Guppy expresses the sagacity of her father by using the quote, Not because boys are better, but because women suffer more. Therefore indicating that before the changes took place in Persia there was once a distinct difference in terms of rights and equality between men and women . The use of the word more could also indicate the cultural, social or religious positions regarding the women in Persia.The extracts focuses on the new and changing Persia and the fact that women were now created more equally to men. This is evident by the abolition of the veil, let women becoming emancipated, and their opportunitys to be able to go to school and university as well as them being able to take up new professions. However, the text also focuses on the fact that many people in Persia had found it hard to accept these improvements and to adjust their attitudes. The use of the word attitudes is perhaps used to show that there is mixed discernments regarding womens rights. Therefore showing that there is a slow pace of social change despite political change. The memoir mainly focuses on the message and theme of the changes regarding gender inequality in Persia told through the eyes of a young Shusha Guppy who was very such(prenominal) involved in politics.This is evi dent by the use of the phrase I caused my parents endless trouble with my nucleotide adolescent politics as well as the phrase at this time of birth. It was perhaps written on my brow. Therefore emphasizing Shusha Guppys strong willed character and passion for politics and human rights. The memoir seems to be aimed perhaps as well at a younger generation and could be published in books or magazines in order to re-enforce the changes regarding gender equality in Persia. Towards the end of the passage, the use of the phrase her life is elsewhere said by the fortune teller, is very effective as it shows that Shusha Guppys life will be antithetic and that perhaps she wont have to face the problems caused by gender inequality in her country.Both texts are similar in terms that both the texts are written by women and plough ploughshare the same message in regards to its female point of view. Both handle gender labeling, womens rights and sex stereotyping as well as its implications. And suggests the societal norms for genders and rights from birth. Both the excerpts also share a similarity in regards to female points of view, despite differences in voice, being the omniscient versus first person. The purpose of the authors in the two texts seem to be the same as they both hind that society in changing, however the social norms take longer to change. Both excerpts are also from the same time period.The cartoon strip written in 1986 and the memoir in 1988, therefore indicating that the two texts could share the same opinion since there is not a long difference in time since being written. Both texts seem to share the theme of destiny and the message that just because one is born a certain gender she or he has to follow a certain path, this evident in some words such as travel which suggests the skepticism in the mothers voice, despite being a women. This shows that she believes in the destiny of women.Both texts also have some differences between them. The cartoo n for instance is written in a cartoon narrative whereas the memoir is written in first person narrative, however both seem to question the societal norms. In terms of stylistic and formal features the cartoon is entirely different as it makes use of different font sizes and punctuation in order to emphasize the tone. This is evident when looking at the speech bubbles, and captions as well as the emanate, which is being used in order to indicate certain signs of emotion. The settings of the two texts also seem to be different. The cartoon perhaps set in a more western world, whereas the memoir is given a specific location and is set in the nitty-gritty East.This is done perhaps in order to illustrate the similarity across culture. Writing style is also one of the major differences between the two texts. The cartoon consists of short dialogue throughout, versus the memoir which features more of a reflection/retrospect with embedded dialogue throughout. Both texts also have different effects on the reader. While looking at the cartoon it was mostly probably created for entertainment purposes due to the pictures, whereas the memoir is more personal and informative as it gives an insight into the life of an actual person. Perspective is also one of the traits that seems to be different, with the cartoon having a more generic perspective whereas the memoir is more personal.Therefore, in conclusion, both the presented texts share some similarities and differences in terms of the context, audience, purpose as well as the stylistic and formal features. Both effectively share the same opinion regarding womens rights and positions in society as well as the view of gender labeling and its implications. However despite their similarities, there are differences present such as the differences in their stylistic and formal features. However, regardless of their differences both the cartoon and the extract of the memoir effectively carry on the theme of how gender inequali ty is an important issue which is still lacking in our world today

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? ? cabbage 3 ?- ? , ?. ?. -- 2009 Contents. History 3 1. 1 First colonists 1. 2 Infrastructure and regional development 1. 3 pelf Fire 1. 4 20th century 2 Geography 6 2. 1 Topography 2. 2 humor 3 Cityscape. Architecture 8 4 Culture and modern-day life 9 4. amusement and performing arts 4. 2 Tourism 4. 3 Parks 4. 4 Sports 4. 5 Media 5 frugality 13 6 Demographics 15 7 integrity and government 16 8 Education 17 References. 19 1. History. 1. 1. First settlers During the mid. 8th century the atomic number 18a was inhabited by a native the Statesn tribe k right awayn as the Potawatomis, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The outgrowth permanent settler in cabbage, Haitian Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable, arrived in the 1770s, married a Potawatomi woman, and pieceed the atomic number 18as depression traffic post. In 1803 the fall in States Army construct Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in the 1812 Fort Dearborn massacre. The Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi later ceded the bring down to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. On August 12, 1833, the Town of moolah was organized with a universe of 350.Within seven days it grew to a creation of over 4,000. The City of lolly was incorporated on March 4, 1837. The name pelf is the French rendering of the Miami-Illinois name shikaakwa, meaning wild leek. 1 The sound shikaakwa in Miami-Illinois liter aloney means striped skunk, and was a reference to wild leek, or the smell of onions. The name ab initio applied to the river, but later came to denote the site of the urban center. 1. 2. Infrastrukture and regional development The metropolis began its step toward regional primacy as an chief(prenominal) transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. shekelss first railway, Galena and moolah concretion Railroad, opened in 1838, which likewise marked the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The canal allowed steamboats and slide ships on the nifty Lakes to connect to the disseminated sclerosis River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants abroad. Manufacturing and retail sectors became dominant among Midwestern cities, influencing the American economy, particularly in meatpacking, with the advent of the refrig ageted rail car and the regional importantity of the metropoliss Union Stock Yards. 3 In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of boodles and the United States first comprehensive sewerage system was clear by the Common Council. 2 The project raised much of central scratch to a late grade. untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the shekels River, thence into Lake Michigan, polluting the primary source of fresh wet for the urban center. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs.In 1900, the hassle of sewage was largely resolved when suga r reversed the flow of the river, a process that began with the construction and good of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and completed with the kale Sanitary and channel Canal leading to the Illinois River which joins the Mississippi River. 1. 3. pelf Fire After the Great simoleons Fire of 1871 destroyed a third of the city, including the entire central business district, shekels experienced rapid rebuilding and growth. 4During its rebuilding period, pelf constructed the military mans first skyscraper in 1885, victimisation steel-skeleton construction.Labor conflicts and unrest followed, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among dineros frown classes guide Jane Addams to be a co-founder of Hull House in 1889. Programs developed there became a modeling for the new field of social work. The city likewise invested in many large, intumesce-landscaped municipal honey oils, which likewise let in human beings sanitation facilities. p ic 1. 4. 20th century The 1920s brought notoriety to Chicago as gangsters, including the notorious Al Capone, battled each early(a) and law enforcement on the city streets during the Prohibition era.The 1920s also saw a study(ip) expansion in perseverance. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Arriving in the tens of thousands during the Great Migration, the new scratchrs had an immense cultural impact. It was during this flourish that Chicago became a center for jazz, with King Oliver leading the way. 5 In 1933, city manager Anton Cermak was assassinated while in Miami with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the late summer of 1942, during World War II, Chicago held a pract shabu black-out. accord to one witness, the sirens sounded, the lights went out while airplanes flew overhead to spot violators.After almost 30 minutes the radio beacon on make it of the Palmolive Building came back on and the lights were quickly restored. 5 On December 2 , 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the worlds first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Mayor Ric firm J. Daley was choose in 1955, in the era of machine governing. Starting in the 1960s, many residents left the city for the suburbs, taking out the heart of many neighborhoods, leaving impoverished and disad new wavetaged citizens behind. Structural changes in industry caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers.In 1966 James Bevel, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Al Raby led the Chicago Open Housing Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the feignment leaders. deuce years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 antiauthoritarian National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including all-out riots, or in some cases police riots, in city streets. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (whi ch in 1974 became the worlds tallest building), McCormick Place, and OH atomic number 18 Airport, were undertaken during Richard J.Daleys tenure. When he died, Michael Anthony Bilandic was mayor for three years. His loss in a primary election has been attributed to the citys inability to properly plow city streets during a heavy snowstorm. In 1979, Jane Byrne, the citys first female mayor, was elected. She popularized the city as a movie location and tourist destination. In 1983 Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor, in one of the scalelike mayoral elections in Chicago.After Washington won the Democratic primary, racial motivations caused a few Democratic alderman and ward committeemen to back the Republican candidate Bernard Epton, who ran on the slogan Before its too late, a thinly veiled appeal to fear. 10 Washingtons term in office saw new attention given to poor and minority neighborhoods. His administration reduced the pin etime dominance of city contracts and manipulation by ethnic whites. Washington died in office of a heart attack in 1987, suddenly after beingness elected to a second term. Current mayor Richard M. Daley, son of the late Richard J.Daley, was elected in 1989. He has led many progressive changes to the city, including improving parks creating incentives for sustainable development, including green roofs and major new developments. Since the 1990s, the city has undergone a revitalization in which some lower class neighborhoods have been modify as new middle class residents have settled in the city. In 2008, the city realise the title of City of the Year from GQ for contributions in architecture and literature, a renaissance in the world of politics and downtowns starring usance in the Batman movie The shady Knight. 6 2. Geography 2. 1. Topography Chicago is rigid in northeast Illinois at the southeasterneasternwestern tip of Lake Michigan. It sits on the continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside Lake Michigan, and two rivers the Chicago River in downtown and the calumet River in the industrial further close South Side flow entirely or partially by means of Chicago. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, which runs to the west of the city.Chicagos history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the regions waterborne cargo, todays huge lake fr eightsomeers use the citys far south Lake Calumet Harbor. The Lake also moderates Chicagos climate, making it warmer in the wintertime and cooler in the summer. When Chicago was founded in the 1830s, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the citys original 58 blocks. 6 The boilersuit grade of the citys central, built-up re as, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, oecumenically exhibiting exclusively slight differentiation an new(prenominal)(prenominal)wise. The average land elevation is 579 feet (176 m) above sea level. The lowest points are on the lake shore at 577 feet (176 m), while the spunkyest point at 735 feet (224 m) is a landfill regain in the Hegewisch community area on the citys far south side. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicagos lakefront. Parks along the lakeshore intromit Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and capital of Mississippi Park 29 public beaches are found all along the shore.Near downtown, landfills extend into the Lake, providing spot for the Jardine Water Purification Plant, Navy Pier, northerly Island and the Museum Campus, spend Field, and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention oculus. Most of the citys multistoried commercial and residential buildings can be found within a few blocks of the Lake. Chicagoland is an informal name for the Chicago metro area, used primarily by copywriters, advertising agencies, and traffic reporters. There is no hairsplitting definition for the term Chicagoland, but it generally means around Chicago or relatively local.The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight nearby Illinois counties Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties in Indiana Lake, Porter, and LaPorte. 7 The Illinois surgical incision of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties. The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook, and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties. 2. 2. ClimateThe city lies within the humid continental climate zone, and experiences 4 distinct conciliates. Summers are warm & humid with average noble temperatures of 80-84F (27-29C) and l ows of 61-65 F (16-19C). passs are cold, snowy and windy with temperatures under freezing. Spring and Fall are mild with low humidity. According to the National Weather Service, Chicagos highest official temperature reading of 107 F (42 C) was enter on June 1, 1934. The lowest temperature of ? 27 F (? 33 C) was recorded on January 20, 1985. Along with long, hot dry spells in the summer,Chicago can suffer extreme winter cold spells. In the entire month of January 1977, the temperature did not rise above 31 F (-0. 5 C). The average temperature that month was around 10 F (-12 C). Chicagos yearbook precipitation averages about 34 inches (860 millimeters). Summer is typically the rainiest season, with short-lived rainfall and thunderstorms more common than prolonged rainy periods. 8 Winter precipitation tends to be more snow than rain. Chicagos snowiest winter on record was that of 197879, with 89. 7 inches (228 cm) of snow in total.The winter of 2007-08, with more than 61 inches (15 5 cm) of snow, was the snowiest in nearly three decades, and the winter of 2008/2009 produced nearly 50 inches (127 cm). mediocre winter snowfall is normally around 38 inches (96. 52 cm). The highest one-day snowfall total in Chicago history was 18. 3 inches (46. 5 cm) on Jan. 3, 1999. Chicagos highest one-day rainfall total was 6. 63 inches (168. 4 mm) on September 13, 2008. 8 The previous record of 6. 49 inches (164 mm) had been set on August 14, 1987. The record for yearly rainfall is 50. 6 inches set in 2008 1983 was the wettest year before with 49. 35 inches. 8 3. Cityscape. Architecture The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. Perhaps the most majuscule of these events was the relocation of many of the nations most prominent architects to the city from refreshing England for construction of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building rose in Chicago ushering in the skyscr aper era. 9 Today, Chicagos skyline is among the worlds tallest.Downtowns historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building in the Loop, with former(a)s along the lakefront and the Chicago River. Once first on the arguing of largest buildings in the world and still listed twentieth, the Merchandise Mart stands near the junction of the north and south river branches. Presently the three tallest in the city are the Sears Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John autograph Center. The citys architecture includes lakefront high-rise residential towers, low-rise structures, and single-family homes.Industrialized areas such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Indiana border, south of halfway Airport, and the banks of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal are clustered. Future skyline plans entail the supertall Waterview Tower, Chicago Spire, and outgo International Hotel and Tower. The 60602 zip code was named by Forbes as the hottest zip code in the country with upmarket buildings such as The Heritage at Millennium Park (130 N. Garland) leading the way for other buildings such at Waterview Tower, The Legacy and Momo. Other new skyscraper construction may be found directly south (South Loop) and north (River North) of the Loop.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums and apartment buildings can be found in Chicago. Large swaths of Chicagos residential areas forward from the lake in the so-called bungalow belt are characterized by bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the fill out Cathedral style of church architecture. One of Chicagos suburbs is Oak Park, home to the late Frank Lloyd Wright. 4. Culture and contemporary life 4. 1. Entertainment and performing artsChicagos theatre community spawned modern improvisational theatre. Two renowned comedy troupes emerged The Second City and I. O. (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf household Company (on the citys north side), the Goodman Theatre, and the Victory Gardens sign. Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at theaters such as carrefour Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Drury Lane Theatre Water Tower Place. nuance language productions for Chicagos large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic approachway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given yearlyly to acknowledge uprightness in theatre in the Chicago area. Classical music offerings include the Chicago unison Orchestra, recognised as one of the finest orchestras in the world,10 which performs at Symphony Center. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many open-air (prenominal) concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park.Ravinia Park, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is also a favorite destination for many Chicagoans, with performances occasionally given in Chicago locations such as the Harris Theater. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Joffrey concert dance and Chicago fete Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago is home to some(prenominal) other modern and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago. Other live music genre which are part of the citys cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel.The city is the place of origin of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial, bully and new wave. This fascinate restraind into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture since the 1980s. A flouri shing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. The city has also been spawning a critically acclaimed underground metal scene with various packs gaining national attention in the metal and hard rock world. Annual festivals feature various acts such as Lollapalooza, the Intonation Music Festival and separate Music Festival. . 2. Tourism Chicago attracted a combined 44. 2 million people in 2006 from around the nation and abroad. 4 Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicagos eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States third-largest convention destination. Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago mankind Library, now houses the citys Visitor Information Center, galleries, and exhibit halls.The ceiling of Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot (11 m) Tiffany glass dome. Mil lennium Park, initially slated to be unveiled at the turn of the 21st century, and delayed for several years, sits on a deck built over a portion of the former Illinois underlying rail yard. The park includes the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture (known locally as The Bean). A Millennium Park restaurant outdoor transforms into an ice rink in the winter. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountains two towers march visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans faces, with water spouting from their lips.Frank Gehrys detailed stainless steel band shell Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilions stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque. In 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4-ha) lakefront park surrounding three of the citys important museums the Adler Planet arium, the Field Museum of native History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago.Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The Oriental Institute, part of the University of Chicago, has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago are the Chicago History Museum, DuSable Museum of African-American History, Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, Museum of Broadcast Communications and the Museum of Science and Industry. 4. 3. Parks When Chicago incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which translates into English as City in a Garden.Today the Chicago Park District consists of 552 parks with over 7,300 acres (30 km? ) of municipal parkland as well as 33 sand beaches along Lake Michigan, nine museums, two world-class conservatories, 16 historic lagoons and 10 bird and wildlife gardens. Lincoln Park, the largest of these parks, has over 20 million visitors each year, making it second only to Central Park in New York City. 16 Nine lakefront harbors located within a number of parks along the lakefront render the Chicago Park District the nations largest municipal harbor system.In addition to ongoing beautification and surrogate projects for existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years such as Ping Tom Memorial Park, DuSable Park and most notably Millennium Park. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicagos parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the citys periphery, home to both the Chicago botanic Garden and Brookfield Zoo. 4. 4. SportsChicago was named the Best Sports City in the United States by The Sporting News in 1993 and 2006. The city is home to two Major league Baseball teams the Chicago Cubs of the National conference work on the citys North Side, in Wrigley Field, while the Chicago White Sox of the American League tactic in U. S. Cellular Field on the citys South Side. Chicago is the only city in North America that has had more than one Major League Baseball franchise all(prenominal) year since the American League began in 1900. The Chicago Bears, one of the two re principal(prenominal)ing charter members of the NFL, have won thirteen NFL Championships.The other remaining charter franchise also started out in Chicago, the Chicago Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals . The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field on Chicagos lakefront. Due in large part to Michael Jordan, the Chicago Bulls of the NBA are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. With Jordan leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons during the 1990s (onl y failing to do so in the two years of Jordans absence). The Chicago gruesomehawks of the NHL, who began play in 1926 have won three Stanley Cups. The Blackhawks also hosted the 2008-2009 Winter Classic.Both the Bulls and Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side. The Chicago Fire soccer ordination are members of Major League Soccer. The Fire have won one league and four US Open Cups since their inaugural season in 1998. In 2006, the club travel to its current home, Toyota Park, in suburban Bridgeview after playing its first eight seasons downtown at Soldier Field and at Cardinal Stadium in Naperville. The club is now the third professional soccer team to call Chicago home, the first two being the Chicago Sting of the NASL (and later the indoor team of the MISL) and the Chicago Power of the NPSL-AISA.The Chicago Red Stars of Womens captain Soccer also play in Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois. The Chicago Rush, of the Arena Football League, The Chicago Bandits of the NPF and the Chicago Wolves, of the AHL, also play in Chicago they both play at the Allstate Arena. The Chicago cast out of the WNBA, began play in 2006. The Skys home arena is the UIC Pavilion. The Chicago Slaughter of the CIFL began in 2006 and play at the Sears Centre. The Chicago Storm began play in 2004 in the MISL until 2007 when they moved to the XSL. The Chicago Storm also play at the Sears Centre.The Chicago Marathon has been held every October since 1977. This event is one of five World Marathon Majors. 10 In 1994 the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field. Chicago was selected on April 14, 2007 to symbolize the United States internationally in the bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympics. 11 Chicago also hosted the 1959 Pan American Games, and festal Games VII in 2006. Chicago was selected to host the 1904 Olympics, but they were transferred to St. Louis to coincide with the Worlds Fair. 11 On June 4, 2008 The Internationa l Olympic deputation selected Chicago as one of four candidate cities for the 2016 games. Chicago is also the starting point for the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac, a 330-mile (530 km) offshore sailboat race held each July that is the longest annual freshwater sailboat race in the world. 2008 marks the 100th running of the Mac. At the collegiate level, Chicago and its suburb, Evanston, have two national athletic conferences, the Big East congregation with DePaul University, and the Big Ten Conference with northwesterly University in Evanston. 4. 5. MediaThe Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America (after New York City and Los Angeles). 12 Each of the big four (CBS, ABC, NBC, and FOX) United States television networks directly owns and operates a station in Chicago (WBBM, WLS, WMAQ, and WFLD, respectively). WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Company, is carried (with some programming differences) as WGN America on cable comprehensive a nd in parts of the Caribbean. The city is also the home of The Oprah Winfrey Show (on WLS) and Jerry Springer (on WMAQ), while Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRIs This American Life and NPRs Wait WaitDont Tell Me. PBS on TV in Chicago can be seen on WTTW (producer of shows such as Sneak Previews, The scotch Gourmet, Lamb Chops Play-Along, and The McLaughlin Group, just to name a few) and WYCC. There are two major daily newspapers make in Chicago the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers such as the Chicago Reader, the Daily Southtown, the Chicago Defender, the Chicago Sports Weekly, the Daily Herald, StreetWise, The Chicago uninvolved Press and the Windy City Times.The city has pushed hard to make Chicago a filming-friendly location. After a long drought of interest from Hollywood movies, Spider-Man 2 filmed a scene in Chicago. Since then, progressi vely more movies have filmed in Chicago, most notably the massive blockbuster success The Dark Knight, which was a follow up to Batman Begins, which also shot in Chicago. 5. Economy Chicago has the third largest realize metropolitan product in the nation approximately $440 billion according to 2007 estimates.The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. 35 Chicago was named the quaternate most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for six of the past seven years. In 2008, Chicago placed 16th on the UBS list of the worlds richest cities. 13 Chicago is a major financial center with the second largest central business district in the U.S. The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seve nth District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to three major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock flip-flop, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the Merc), which includes the former Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT). Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago rail of economics, the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the US Futures Exchange).In addition to the exchanges, Chicago and the surrounding areas house many major brokerage firms and insurance companies, such as Allstate and Zurich North America. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the second largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4. 25 million workers. 13 Manufacturing, printing, produce and food processing also play major roles in the citys economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquart ered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare fiscal Services division of General Electric. moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the nineteenth century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major impress port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicagos pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the citys economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center.Late in the 19th Century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and importantly reduced costs,12 while early in the 20th Century, t he city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the brass era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907. Chicago is also a major convention destination. The citys main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the third largest convention center in the world.Chicago also ranks third in the U. S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. In addition, Chicago is home to eleven Fortune euchre companies, while the metropolitan area hosts an additional 21 Fortune 500 companies. The state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies. Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company as well aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001. 6. DemographicsDuring its first century as a city, Chicago grew at a rate that ranked among the fastest ontogenesis in the world. Within the span of forty years, the citys population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,14 and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within fifty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population had tripled to over 3 million. As of the 2000 census, there were 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,909 families residing within Chicago.More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. The population density of the city itself was 12,750. 3 people per square mile (4,923. 0/km? ), making it one of the nations most densely inhabit cities. There were 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of 5,075. 8 per square mile (1,959. 8/km? ). Of the 1,061,928 households, 28. 9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35. 1% were married couples living together, 18. 9% had a female househ older with no husband present, and 40. 4% were non-families.The median income for a household in the city was $38,625, and the median income for a family was $46,748. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. Below the poverty line are 19. 6% of the population and 16. 6% of the families. At the 2007 U. S. Census estimates, Chicagos population was 38. 9% White (30. 9% non-Hispanic-White), 35. 6% Black or African American, 0. 5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5. 3% Asian, 0. 1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 21. 3% some other race and 1. 6% two or more races. 28. 1% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 5. The main ethnic groups in Chicago are African American, Irish, German, Italian, Mexican, English, Bulgarian, Greek, Chinese, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbian, Ukrainian and Puerto Rican. Many of Chicagos politicians have come from this massive Irish population, including the current mayor, Richard M. Daley. Poles in Chicago c onstitute the largest Polish population outside of the Polish capital, Warsaw, making it one of the most important Polonia centers,16 a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park.The Chicago Metropolitan area is also a major center for those of Indian ancestry. 7. Law and government Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicagos two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer.The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities an d activities are complete in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions. During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicagos politics were dominated by a growing Democratic political party organization dominated by ethnic ward-heelers.During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a stiff radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States, with Chicagos Democratic vote the state of Illinois tends to be truehearted blue in presidential elections since 1992. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office.The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicagos public school funding. Although Chicago includes less than 25% of the states population, eight of Illinois nineteen U. S. Representatives have part of the city in their districts. originator Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daleys mastery of machine politics preserved the Chicago Democratic Machine long after the demise of similar machines in other large U. S. cities. 15 During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal independent faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington. Since 1989, Chicago has been under the leadership of Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November. 8. Education There are 680 public schools, 394 clubby schools, 83 colleges, and 88 libraries in Chicago proper.Chicago Public Schools (CPS), is the governing body of a district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. The school district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,000 students (2005 stat. ), ranks as third largest in the U. S. 52 Private schools in Chicago are largely run by religious groups. The two largest systems are run by Christian religious denominations, Roman Catholic and Lutheran, respectively. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the citys Roman Catholic schools, including Jesuit preparatory schools.Some of the more prominent examples of schools run by the Archdiocese are Brother Rice in high spirits School, Loyola Academy, St. Ignatius College Prep, St. Scholastica Academy, Mount Carmel laid-back School, Mother McAuley Liberal Arts advanced School, Marist High School, and St. Patrick High School and Resurrect ion High School. In addition to Chicagos network of 32 Lutheran Schools,16 Chicago also has clannish schools run by other denominations and faiths such as Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Rogers Park, and the Fasman Yeshiva High School in Skokie, a nearby suburb.There are also a number of private schools run in a completely secular educational environment such as Latin School, University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, Francis W. Parker School, Chicago City Day School in Lake View, and Morgan Park Academy. Chicago is also home of the prestigious Chicago Academy for the Arts, an arts high school focused on 6 different categories of the arts, Media Arts, Visual Arts, Music, Dance, Musical Theatre and Theatre. It has been heralded as the best arts high school in the country.Children commute from as far away as South Bend, Indiana every day to attend classes. Since the 1890s, Chicago has been a world center in higher education and research. sixer universities in or immedia tely adjoining the city, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, DePaul University, University of Illinois Chicago, Loyola University Chicago, and the Illinois Institute of Technology, are among the top echelon of doctorate-granting research universities. Northwestern University, established in 1851, is a nonsectarian, private, research university located in the adjacent northern suburb of Evanston.The University maintains the toprated Kellogg Graduate School of Management, the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, the McCormick School of Engineering, the Bienen School of Music, and the Medill School of Journalism. Northwestern also has a downtown Chicago campus, with the Feinberg School of Medicine and School of Law, both being located in the citys Streeterville neighborhood. Northwestern is a member of the Big Ten Athletic Conference. The University of Chicago, established in 1891, is a nonsectarian, private, research university located in Hyde Park on the citys South Side.The university has had 82 Nobel Prize laureates among its faculty and alumni, the highest of any university in the world. Academic programs at the University of Chicago have initiated entire schools of thought named after Chicago, most notably the Chicago School of Economics. The university also maintains the Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Law School, and the Booth School of Business. The University of Illinois at Chicago, a nationally ranked public research institution, is the largest university within the city. 54 UIC boasts the nations largest medical school. 16 State funded universities in Chicago (besides UIC) include Chicago State University and northeastern Illinois University. The city also has a large community college system known as the City Colleges of Chicago. great(p) Catholic universities in Chicago include Loyola University and DePaul University. Loyola, established in 1870 as Saint Ignatius College, has campuses on citys North Side as well as downtown, and a Medical Center in the West suburban Maywood, is the largest Jesuit university in the country while DePaul, a Big East Conference university is the largest Catholic university in the U. S.Loyola University Chicago is a private Jesuit university. The Illinois Institute of Technology is a private Ph. D. -granting technological university. The main campus is established in Bronzeville, and is home to renowned engineering and architecture programs. The university was host to world-famous modern architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for many years. IIT also maintains a formal academic and research relationship with the Argonne National Laboratory. The IIT Institute of rule is located downtown, and the Stuart School of Business and Chicago-Kent College of Law are located within the citys financial district.IIT shares its main campus with the VanderCook College of Music, the only independent college in the country focusing exclusively on the training of music educator s, and Shimer College, a private liberal arts college which follows the Great Books program. Lake Forest College is Chicagos national liberal arts college. North Park University is located in Chicagos Albany park neighborhood, it enrolls a little over 3,000 students and has been listed on US News college review as one of the best universities in the Midwest. References 1. Annual Estimates of the world of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CBSA-EST2007-01) www. census. gov/popest/metro/CBSA-est2007-annual. hypertext markup language 2. Population in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Ranked by 2000 Population for the United States and Puerto Rico www. census. gov/population/cen2000/phc-t29/tab03a. csv 3. Chicago in the World City Network. Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network Loughborough University http//www. lboro. ac. uk/gawc/projects/projec16. htm 4. take aim Chicago the official visitors site for Chicago Industry Statistics 5. Swenson, John F. Chicagoua/Chicago The Origin, Meaning, and Etymology of a Place Name. Illinois historical Journal 84. 4 (Winter 1991) 235248 6. McCafferty, Michael. kDisc Chicago Etymology. LINGUIST list posting, Dec. y21, 2001 7. Bruegmann, Robert (20042005). Built Environment of the Chicago Region. Encyclopedia of Chicago (online version). 8. www. enjoyillinois. com 9. Chicago Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Rankings (11/25/2005) 10. Best Sports Cities 2006 Who, where and how http//www. sportingnews. com/yourturn/viewtopic. hp? t=113586 11. City Mayors Worlds richest cities www. citymayors. com/economics/richest_cities. html 12. Norcliffe, Glen. The Ride to Modernity The Bicycle in Canada, 1869-1900 (Toronto University of Toronto Press, 2001), p. 107. 13. Schneirov, Richard (April 1, 1998). Labor and Urban Politics. University of Illinois Press. pp. 173174. 14. Montejano, David, ed (January 1, 1998). Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twenti eth Century. University of Texas Press. pp. 3334. 15. Chicago falls to 3rd in U. S. convention industry (4/26/2006). Crains Chicago Business. 16. http//glores. ru/wiki/en. wikipedia. org