Psychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime

mental Explanation of the Causes of Crime Psychological pertaining to the mind or to mental phenomena as the subject matter of psychology. To handbill for felonious motivation in people, criminologists have used various psychology theories that attempt to explain mankind intellectual and emotional development. These theories fecal matter be divided into three categories a. Moral Development Theories describe a chronological sequence of developmental stages that people pass through when acquiring the capacity to shit moral judgments.According to these theorists, this development process may or may non completed and people who remain unable to recognize right from revile will be more presumable to engage in inappropriate, deviant, or even criminal demeanour. b. Social Learning Theories emphasize the process of development and internalizing moral codes. Learning theorists note different patterns of rewards and sanctions that affect this process. c. Personal Theories come upon a set of enduring perceptions and predispositions (tendencies) that each single(a) develops through early socialization.These theorists propose that certain predispositions or genius traits, such as impulsiveness or extroversion, increase the chances of criminal port. -In secernate to biological and hereditary theories, there ar a variety of psychological explanations for crime and emphasize the importance of spirit and its role in criminal and delinquent behavior. Some psychological theories stress the importance of mental processes, puerility populates, and unconscious thoughts. Others stress the importance of social learning or human perception. Types of Psychological Theories a.Psychiatric Criminology (Forensic Psychiatry) -Theories derived from the medical sciences, including neurology, and which, like other psychological theories focus on the individual as the unit of analysis. Psychiatric theories attain the basis of psychiatrical criminology. While forensic ps ychiatry is that branch of psychiatry having to do with the conduct of crime and criminality. -David Abrahamsen, a psychiatrist explains crime antisocial behavior is a direct expression of an aggression or may be a direct or indirect manifestation of distorted erotic drive, -Envisions a complex et of drives and motives operating from recesses deep within the somebodyality to determine behavior. *psychopath or Sociopath -A person with a personality disorder, especially ane manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, which is often said to be the endpoint of a poorly developed superego. Hervey Cleckley described the psychopath as a moral idiot. Or as one who does not disembodied spirit empathy with others, even though he or she may be wide-cut cognizant of what is objectively happening around them. Characteristic of the Psychopathic genius 1. An absence of delusions, hallucinations, or other sign of psychosis. . The inability to feel hassock or shame 3. Unreliability 4. Chr onic lying 5. Superficial good luck charm 6. Above-average Intelligence 7. Ongoing antisocial behavior 8. Inability to learn from experience 9. Self-centeredness *Antisocial or Asocial Personality -Refers to individuals who are essentially unsocialized and whose behavior brings them repeatedly into conflict with society. They are incapable of signifi ratt consignment to individuals, groups, or social values. They are grossly selfish, callous, irresponsible, impulsive, and unable to feel guilty conscience or to learn from experience and punishment.Frustration tolerance is low. They tend to blame others or offer plausible rationalization for their behavior. b. Psychoanalytic Perspective A psychiatric approach developed by the Austrian Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud emphasizes the role of personality in human behavior and which collide withs deviant behavior as the military issue of dysfunctional personalities. According to Freud, the personality is comprised of three components ID- is that fundamental aspect of the personality from which drives, cravinges urges, and desires emanate.The ID is direct and singular in purpose. It operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking full and immediate gaiety of its needs. Individuals, however, were said to rarely be fully conscious(predicate) of the urges that percolate up (occasionally into awareness) from the id, because it is a largely unconscious region of the mind. -the authorityofthepsyche,residingintheunconscious,thatisthe source ofinstinctiveimpulsesthatseeksatisfactionin concurrence withthepleasureprinciple andaremodifiedbytheegoandthe superego in advancetheyaregivenovertexpressionEGO- The reality-testing break apart of the personality also referred to as the reality principle. More inningally, it is the personality component that is conscious, more immediately controls behavior, and is close to in touch with external reality. For Freud, the ego was primarily concerned with how objectives suscept ibility be best accomplished. The EGO tends to effect strategies for the individual that maximize pleasure and minimize pain. It lays out the various paths of action that can lead to wish fulfillment. The EGO inherently recognizes that it may be necessary to delay gratification to achieve a more fulfilling long term-goal. thepartofthepsychic implementthat experiencesandreactstothe outside worldandthus mediatesbetweentheprimitivedrivesoftheidandthe demands ofthesocialand somatogenicsurround. SUPEREGO- The moral aspect of the personality much like the conscience. More formally, it is the divider of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the conscience. -thepartofthepersonalityrepresentingtheconscience, formedin early lifetimeby internalisationofthestandardsofparentsandother modelsof behavior. c.Frustration- Aggression Theory Holds that frustration is a natural outcome of living a root caus e of crime. Criminal behavior can be a form of adaptation when it results in stress reduction. *Alloplastic Adaptation- That form of adjustment which results from changes in the environment surrounding an individual. *Autoplastic Adaptation- That form of adjustment, which results from, changes with an individual. d. bearing Theory -Behavior theory has sometimes called stimulus-response approach to human behavior, that is unyielding by environmental consequences which it produces for the individual concerned.When an individuals behavior results in rewards, or in receipt of feedback which the individual, for whatever reason, regards as rewarding, then it is likely that the behavior in question is said to be reinforced. Conversely, when punishment follows behavior, chances are that the oftenness of that type of behavior will decrease. *Operant Behavior- behavior which affects the environment in such a way as to produce responses or further behavioral cues. *Reward- desirable behavio ral likely to increase the relative frequency of item of that behavior. Punishment- undesirable behavioral consequences likely to decrease the frequency of occurrence of that behavior. -Rewards and punishments have been divided into four conceptual categories 1. Positive Rewards- Which increase the frequency of approved behavior by adding something desirable to the situation. 2. Negative Rewards- Which increase the frequency of approved behavior by removing something distressful from the situation. 3. Positive Punishment- which decrease the frequency of throwaway(prenominal) behavior by adding something undesirable to the situation. . Negative Punishment- Which decreases the frequency of unwanted behavior by removing something desirable from the situation. e. Psychology of crime -talking about the behavior of a person who commit crime. 1. Self Concept The self-concept has been identified as a very important aspect in human life a person must be able to have respectfulness for hi mself to be his own best friend. This is how a person sees himself. If a person believes that he is worthless, and that society does not care what happens to him, this attitude (self-perception) may well lead to crime. . hear Stress can lead to ill-judged conduct, even to crime. If a person labors below dreaded emotional distress, that person may feel compelled to act in socially unacceptable manners. Stress has become a major problem in modern life, pencil lead to broken families and deviant behavior. 3. Aggression Aggression and violence often go together. Aggression can be defined as any form of behavior aimed at the partial or total, literal or figurative, wipeout of an object or person. The word violence is used to describe acts of aggression. 4. DepressionDepression can be a psychosis and also a neurosis. A psychosis is a severe mental complaint in which insight was lost. Persons with psychotic depression tycoon believe that the sins of the world are upon them, and tha t they are a burden to society. In the case of a neurotic depression, insight will be retained. A person suffering from depression may believe that life is pointless, so that he might as well escape to criminality. 5. Mental Aberrations The near important mental aberrations are the psychoses, which are severe mental illnesses notably paranoia and schizophrenia.There are also the neuroses anxiety states, obsessional compulsive states, hysterical neuroses, dissociative states and neurotic depressions. There are also organic psychoses where the mental illness flows from an organic defect in the body of the patient. It is not difficult to see that any of these conditions could lead to deviant behavior. 6. Personality disorders Psychopathy, addictions and deviances can be listed under personality disorders. Once there is a disintegration of personality, deviant behavior can be expected. Many serious crimes are committed by persons whose personalities do not conform with the norms accept ed by society.