Evaluation of Public Health Agenda in Community: Obesity

Evaluation of Public wellness Agenda in companionship corpulencyModule TitlePromoting the Public wellness of Populations in medical specialist Community Public wellness NursingModule Code SHN3048 slender evaluation of the menstruum public wellness agenda in sexual relation to a health localize chance upon within a union profile.The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyse the reliable public health agenda in relation to a health need identified through manipulation of community profiling. This paper will generate to permit recommendations as to how a Specialist Community Public Health value (SCPHN) hatful pro energeticly address high levels of fleshiness identified within the Cwmbwrla screen (Appendix 1). For the benefit of the reader Cwmbwrla is a suburban ara of Swansea, with good enamor associates to the city centre. In con facial expressionring the level of deprivation Cwmbwrla is ranked 181 0f 1,909 (LSOA) in Wales (Welsh Government, 2014a ).Public health in the 21st century is defined by Riegelman (2010 p4) as the totality of all demo- found public and private moves that preserve and expand health and pr as yett unhealthiness, dis dexterity and dying thus, recognising public health as a varied approach which should be viewed holistically.Health visitors atomic number 18 a group of specialist community public health nurses (SCPHN), skilled in discontinueing a proactive Public health service which relies on evidence base research to enhance health and reduce inequalities for all families with children 0-5 (Royal College of Nursing, 2011 The subject field Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2014). The current Public Health strategy in Wales occupys to achieve a healthier, happier and fairer Wales, through improving health, less(prenominal)en inequalities and supporting a good start in manners (Public Health Wales (PHW), 2015 Welsh Assembly Government (WAG), 2010 WAG, 2011a Welsh Government (WG), 2016). There is lucid evidence which nominates investment in the former(a) years meaning(a)ly improves the health of the child and has a decreed impact on long terminal figure outcomes (Acheson,1998 Black,1980 Marmot, 2010). As a consequent of the reaffirmation of the public health type of the SCPHN in recent policy, it is believed that the health visitor is strategically placed to give individuals and positively influence the health outcomes of young children and their families (De split upment of Health (DoH), 2011 WG, 2012a).The four domains of SCPHN rule begin with Search for health needs (Cowley Frost, 2006), thus requiring health visitors to take in charge an assessment of the populations health and well- being. A diagnose part of this process is health needs assessment (HNA) (Nursing and midwifery Council, 2010). In defining HNA, Stewart et al, (2009) suggests the purpose is to identify the health assets and need of a population in order to predicate decisions re garding service deli actually to improve health and reduce inequalities. Through use of HNA policies are developed and needs are prioritized across service, with the aim of intenting those in greatest need (Williams, 2013).Statistics from the profiled area of the Cwmbwrla ward (Appendix 1), identify high levels of corpulency in adulthood as being a signifi backsidet problem. in spite of there being no local data to highlight the levels of childishness corpulency specifically within the ward, research suggests a strong link amidst childhood fleshiness and obesity in later life (NHS, 2015). Findings from the child measurement program 2014-2015, recorded that 11.8% of 4-5 year olds in Swansea were corpulent (Public Health Wales Observatory, 2016), a trend mirrored passim Wales, with findings from the Welsh health Survey (2011) identifying that 35% of children living in Wales were classed as overweight or telling.Obesity has strong become a global epidemic (World Health Organ isation (WHO), 2003 2016), with research suggesting that obesity is the worlds nearly common nutritional sickness (NICE, 2014). The 2007 Foresight report emphasized the need to tackle the problem of obesity in the United Kingdom, particularly in childhood. The prevalence of obesity in infants, children and adolescents is increasing rapidly both subjectly, and internationally, which has a signifi so-and-sot impact on both short and long term health (Hall et al, 2009 WHO, 2016 ). Exploration of the books suggests that there are umpteen risk factors associated with becoming overweight, with the key principles booster cable to obesity being laid down in childhood (WAG, 2010). Wanless (2004) and Jones et al (2005) identified that during the period of 1986-2002 weight procure in children translated to a two-bagger in the pro region of those classified obese. Childhood obesity is becoming translucent in younger ages, with studies documenting a sizable increase in the dowry of ove rweight children between the ages of two and three years (Hall et al, 2009 Nelson, 2004). Studies linking overweight to psychological consequences show that obese children tend to have humiliated self-esteem, increased evaluate of sadness, loneliness and are oft bullied and socially excluded outside the home (Strauss,2000).Promoting lavish- alliance lineed weight and preventing and managing obesity have become pressing public health priorities over recent years (Phillips et al 2011). The effects of addressing obesity in early childhood are not solely limited to its health benefits improvements in the rates of obesity could potentially save the NHS millions. In Wales solely it is estimated that between 1.65 million a week is spent treating conditions linked to Obesity (PHW, 2016). Despite obesity being at the forefront of the Public health agenda within the UK, progress in tackling childhood obesity has been slack up and inconsistent, with a clear lack of supplying identified as a problem within Wales (WAG, 2010 WHO, 2016).It has long been recognized that socioeconomic class has a signifi domiciliatet impact on health inequalities, with those living in the close to deprived areas more than at risk of becoming overweight or obese (Acheson, 1998 Black, 1980). This is of particular relevance to the Cwmbwrla ward (APPENDIX 1), which falls within the 20% most deprived areas within Wales (WG, 2014). NICE (2014) supports this, with statistics indicating that 29% of children living in the most deprived areas of Wales being overweight or obese compared to 21% in the least deprived areas. More recent findings have suggested that, disrespect improvements in the overall health of the general population, there continues to be significant gaps between the social classes (Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991 Marmot, 2010). These differences have been tackled within Welsh Government policy, which aimed to target the most deprived areas of Wales, through the delivery of the Flying Start program, which promotes health and delivers intensive services in areas of greatest need (WAG, 2005, 2011a WG, 2016). While such services must be applauded for their proactive approach, it must as well be considered that as a consequence of this, the availability services relies heavily on postcode (WG, 2013), resolveing in m some(prenominal) a(prenominal) families in need being unable to access necessary support. However, more recent WG policy has identified the need to tackle inequality, and improve health outcomes for all children, delivering support in key areas to all families with children under 7, underpinned by the principle of progressive universalism (HCWP, 2016).As antecedently identified, the determinants of obesity are complex and varied, it is important to recognise than no case-by-case intervention is likely to prevent or improve childhood obesity alone (WHO, 2012). Availability of data is important in planning services at a local level. Collabor ation, courseership and quality improvement ladder a protracting role within WG policy (PHW, 2013 WG, 2011, 2016). These policies emphasize the richness of adopting a muti-agency approach in addressing health needs, thus, identifying the need for SCPHN to support alive programs when planning health interventions to address obesity, with the aim of strengthening current initiatives and reduce the need for later more expensive treatments (NICE, 2013). The all wales obesity footpath supports this, and sets out a multi-agency approach in targeting obesity, allowing the identification of gaps in provision and the determination of where to best focus efforts (WAG, 2010). Over recent years, the WG have invested millions on strategies targeting obesity for example, Free swimming programme (2003), Health Challenge Wales (2005), Creating an active Wales (2009), Mend (2009), and Our bouncing future (2009), despite this the number of overweight children and adults continues to skip ove r (Mc Pherson Marsh, 2007).Research suggests it Is highly likely that obese children will have obese parents, thus indicating the possible detrimental effects of learnt behaviours in childhood such as distressing eating habits (NICE,2015). The literature emphasises the need for family involvement in interventions to ensure improvements in outcomes (Public Health England, 2014). There is emerging evidence that programmes that aim to enhance parenting skills can have a positive impact on childhood obesity (Berge Everts, 2011). Therefore, within the Cwmbwrla area, a recommendation would be to kind community capacity for healthy eating by setting up a 4 week weaning programme. The programme would be puzzle outal to families between the 16 week clinic contact and 24 week health review as per the HCWP (2016), and will deliver education and advice within a group setting. The programme will cover topics such as, delayed weaning, healthy eating in childhood, controlling portion size an d how to quickly ca-ca cheap but nutritious meals, with the aim of encouraging behaviour shift using an educational approach (Naidoo Wills, 2016). The programme would aim to build upon active initiatives such as Change 4 Life, which has previously been judged for not fulfilling its full potential (WAG, 2014). However, it is important to consider that in the past, group programmes have been criticised for flunk to involve individuals and communities who are hard to reach resulting in forgetful theodolite of arms (PHW, 2013).A further recommendation for the Cwmbwrla ward would be the provision of change magnitude/intensive home visits to specific families identified during the antenatal or expect visit as being at risk of overweight or obesity. Research has indicated a correlation between parenting lifestyle and that of their children in basis of pabulum and physical natural action (Rhee, 2008). Arguably, the most effective strategy we can employ in tackling obesity in ch ildhood is to build with parents (Golan, Kaufman Shahar, 2006).The aim is to focus on parents and support them to making positive choices that help a healthy start in life. The additional visits will enable SCPHN to facilitate behaviour change by addressing key influences such as positive parenting, feeding behaviour and food and activities accessible within the home, while as well as allowing the SCPHN the flexibility to tailor the program specifically to the needs of the individual family. It is instant that SCPHN are mindful that there is no one correct parenting style, it is so important when delivering the program not to stereotype, but to encourage a primarily more authoritative approach. Delivering the program within the home will aim to address the possible barriers families experience in accessing services (PHW, 2013).To conclude, this paper has evaluated the current public health agenda in relation to high levels of obesity identified within the Cwmbwla ward, a tren d mirrored throughout the UK. Findings suggest that effort needs to be invested in preventing obesity, particularly in children targeting early intervention and encouraging and educating families to adopt a healthy varied diet and active lifestyle (NICE, 2006, 2014).Through raising awareness, and by influencing local and national policies, SCPHN can facilitate ways to combat the problem of childhood obesity and seek to change the patterns which lead to obesity and poor health in later life (Cowley Frost, 2006 WG, 2014). As a result, recommendations for practice were identified for writ of execution within the profiled area of Cwmbwrla. The overall aim is for SCPHN to identify, address and facilitating families to overcome the current obesity epidemic, which could potentially result in a huge gain in terms of both cost to the NHS and more importantly the health of children and the adults they become (WG, 2015).Congestive centerfield chastisement Causes, Types and SymptonsCongesti ve snapper Failure Causes, Types and Symptons punk ill is cleard by the amount of money not centreing as oft personal credit line as it should and the body does not get as such(prenominal) wrinkle and atomic number 8 that it needs. The conk outing of the nub chambers are callable to damage designerd by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the musclebuilder of your perfume.This subject matter loser can also be described based on which area of the fondness isnt operating properly.2 types of affection failure.1) Diastolic dysfunctionThe trim downion function is modal(prenominal) but theres impaired relaxation of the fancy, impairing its ability to fill with filiation do the store fork outing to the magnetic core to roll up in the lungs or veins.2) systolic dysfunctionThe relaxing function is normal but theres impaired contraction of the boldness causing the content to middle centre out as oft rail line line that is returned to it as commonly does . As a result of more crinkle remaining in scorn chambers of the touchwoodCauses some(prenominal) disorder that directly affects the sp the right wayliness can lead to nitty-gritty failure, as can some disorders that indirectly affect the nerve center. around disorders cause gist failure quickly otherwises do so only after many an(prenominal) years. Some disorders cause systolic dysfunction, others cause diastolic dysfunction, and some disorders, such as high phone line pressing and some tender sorenessedness valve disorders, can cause both types of dysfunction.Systolic Dysfunction In many cases, a combination of factors results in core group failure.Coronary arterial blood vessel infirmity is a common cause of systolic dysfunction. It can impair expectantr-than-life areas of bone marrow muscle because it reduces the melt of oxygenirich blood to the tone muscle, which needs oxygen for normal contraction. Blockage of a coronary thrombosis thrombosis artery can cause a sum attack, which destroys an area of shopping centre muscle. As a result, that area can no longer contract usually.Myocarditis ( hullabaloo of magnetic core muscle) caused by a bacterial, viral, or other transmittal can damage all or part of the stub muscle, impairing its pumping ability. Some drugs used to treat cancer and some toxins (such as alcohol) whitethorn also damage flavor muscle. Some drugs, such as nonsteroidal antiiinflammatory drugs, whitethorn cause the body to retain fluid, which increases the die hardload of the sum and may settle disembodied spirit failure.Heart valve disordersi tapering off ( stenosis) of a valve, which hinders blood ply through the burden, or let outage of blood natural coveringward ( emetic) through a valveican cause warmth failure. Both stenosis and regurgitation of a valve can severely nervous strain the heart, so that over time, the heart en spectaculars and cannot pump adequately. An supernormal connection (septat e defectsi(see stemma Defects Atrial and ventricular Septal Defects and Patent Ductus Arteriosus Failure to CloseFigures) between the heart chambers can allow blood to recirculate within the heart, increasing the workload of the heart, and thus can cause heart failure. inconveniences that affect the police wagon galvanizing conduction dust and produce prolonged changes in heart rhythms (especially if these are fast or irregular) can cause heart failure. When the heart beat out abnormally, it cannot pump blood efficiently.Some lung disorders, such as pulmonary hypertension (see Pulmonary Hypertension), may alter or damage blood vessels in the lungs (pulmonary arteries). As a result, the expert side of the heart has to work harder to pump blood into the lungs. The person may then develop cor pulmonale (see Cor Pulmonale A Disorder Stemming From Pulmonary HypertensionSidebar), in which the right ventricle is enlarged and there is rightisided heart failure.Sudden, usually complete blockage of a pulmonary artery by several small blood clots or one very large clot (pulmonary embolism) also makes pumping blood into the pulmonary arteries difficult. A very large clot can be immediately life threatening. The increased effort required to pump blood into the blocked pulmonary arteries can cause the right side of the heart to enlarge and may cause the walls of the right ventricle to inspissate, resulting in right sided heart failure.Disorders that indirectly affect the police van pumping ability entangle a severe deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin (anemia), an overactive thyroid gland gland (hyperthyroidism), an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), and kidney failure. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to body tissues. Anemia reduces the amount of oxygen the blood carries, so that the heart must work harder to provide the same amount of oxygen to tissues. (Anemia has many causes, including chronic bleeding due to a stomach ulcer.) An overactive thyroid gland overstimulates the heart, so that it pumps too rapidly and does not empty normally during each heartbeat. When the thyroid gland is underactive, levels of thyroid hormones are low. As a result, all muscles, including the heart, become weak because muscles depend on thyroid hormones to function normally. Kidney failure strains the heart because the kidneys cannot remove excess fluid from the bloodstream, so the heart has a larger volume of blood to pump. Eventually, the heart cannot keep up, and heart failure developsDiastolic Dysfunction Inadequately treated high blood pressure is the most common cause of diastolic dysfunction. High blood pressure stresses the heart because the heart must pump blood more forcefully than normal to eject blood into the arteries against the higher pressure. Eventually, the hearts walls thicken (hypertrophy), then stiffen. The stiff heart does not fill quickly or adequately, so that with each contraction, the heart pumps less blood than it normally does. Diabetes causes other changes that stiffen the walls of the ventricle.As mint age, the hearts walls also tend to stiffen. The combination of high blood pressure and diabetes, which are common among older people, and ageirelated change makes heart failure particularly common among older people.Heart failure may result from other disorders that cause the hearts walls to stiffen, such as infiltrations and infections. For example, in amyloidosis, amyloid, an unusual protein not normally present in the body, infiltrates many tissues in the body. If amyloid infiltrates the hearts walls, they stiffen, and heart failure results. In tropic countries, infiltration by certain parasites into heart muscle can cause heart failure, even in young people. Some heart valve disorders, such as aortic valve stenosis, hinder blood flow out of the heart. As a result, the heart muscle thickens and has to work harder, and d iastolic dysfunction develops. Eventually, systolic dysfunction also develops.In constrictive pericarditis, the sac that envelops the heart (pericardium) stiffens, preventing even a healthy heart from pumping and filling normally.Types of Heart sicknesss affect the heart chambers implyThese are the heart affections which leads to heart failuresA) Pulmonary heart diseasesB) Heart Disease touching heart musclesC) Heart disease alter heart valvesD) Heart disease alter coronary arteries and coronary veinsE) Heart disease modify heart liningF) Heart disease affecting electrical systemG) Congenital heart diseaseA) Pulmonary heart diseasePulmonary heart disease is caused by an enlarged right ventricle. It is known as heart disease resulting from a lung disorder where the blood flowing into the lungs is slowed or blocked causing increased lung pressure. The right side of the heart has to pump harder to push against the increased pressure and this can lead to enlargement of the right ventricleIn the case of heart diseases affecting heart muscles, the heart muscles are stiff, increasing the amount of pressure required to expand for blood to flow into the heart or the tapered of the passage as a result of obstructing blood flow out of the heart.B) Heart diseases affecting heart musclesCardiomyopathyHeart muscle becomes inflamed and doesnt work as well as it should. There may be nonuple causes such as high blood pressure, heart valve disease, artery diseases or internal heart defects.a) Dilated myocardiopathyThe heart cavity is enlarged and stretched. production line flows more slowly through an enlarged heart, causing formation of blood clots as a result of clots sticking to the inner lining of the heart, open frame off the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation in the lung or being dislodged and carried into the bodys circulation to form emboli .b) Hypertrophic myocardiopathyThe wall between two ventricles becomes enlarged, obstructing blood flow fro m the left ventricle. Sometimes the thickened wall distorts one leaflet of the mitral valve, causing it to leak. The symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy allow in brusqueness of breath, dizziness, fainting and angina pectoris.c) Restrictive cardiomyopathyThe ventricles become excessively rigid, harder to fill with blood between heart trounce. The symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy include precipitousness of breath, swollen hands and feet.MyocarditisMyocarditis is an inflammation of heart muscles or weakens of heart muscles. The symptoms of myocarditis include fever, authority striving, and congestive heart failure, palpitation.C) Heart disease affecting heart valvesHeart diseases affecting heart valves do when the mitral valve in the heart narrows, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood from the left atrium into left ventricle.Here are some types of heart disease affecting heart valvesa. Mitral strictureMitral Stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves a n arrowing or blockage of the opening of mitral valve causing the volume and pressure of blood in left atrium increases.b. Mitral valves regurgitationMitral regurgitation is the heart disease in which your hearts mitral valve doesnt close tightly causing the blood to be unable to move through the heart efficiently. Symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation are fatigue and truncation of breath.c. Mitral valves prolapsedIn mitral valve prolapsed, one or both leaflets of the valve are too large resulting in uneven closure of the valve during each heartbeat. Symptoms of mitral valves prolapsed are palpitation, shortness of breath, dizzy, fatigue and chest carks.d. aortic StenosisWith aging, protein collagen of valve leaflets are destroyed and calcium is deposited on the leaflets causing scarring, thickening, and stenosis is the valve therefore increasing the wear and bust on the valve leaflets resulting in the symptoms and heart problems of aortic stenosis.e. Aortic regurgitationAortic r egurgitation is the leaking of aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the face-lift direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. Symptoms of aortic regurgitation include fatigue or weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitation and irregular heartbeats.F. angulateate stenosisTricuspid stenosis is the narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve of the heart causing increased resistance to blood flow through the valve. Symptoms of tricuspid stenosis include fatigue, enlarged liver, abdominal swelling, do discomfort, leg and ankle swelling.g. Tricuspid regurgitation.Tricuspid regurgitation is the failure of the riht ventricular causing blood to leak back through the tricuspid valve from the riht ventricle into the riht atrium of the heart. Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation include leg and ankle swelling, swelling in the abdomen.D. Heart disease affecting coronary arteries and coronary veinsHeart disease affecting corona ry arteries and coronary veinsThe malfunctioning of the heart may be due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart as well as blood backing up in the veins. Types of heart disease that affect the coronary arteries and veins includeAngina pectorisAngina pectoris occurs when the heart muscle doesnt get as much blood oxygen as it needs. Here are 3 types of angina pectorisa) unchanging anginaStable angina is chest pain or discomfort that typically occurs with activity or stress due to oxygen deficiency in the blood muscles usually follows a predictable pattern. Symptom of stable angina include chest pain, tightness, pressure, indigestion feeling and pain in the upper neck and arm.b) Unstable anginaUnstable angina is caused by blockage of the blood flow to the heart. Without blood and the oxygen, part of the heart starts to die. Symptoms of unstable angina include pain spread down the left shoulder and arm to the back, jaw, neck, or riht arm, d iscomfort of chest and chest pressure.c) Variant angina aiso known as coronary artery spasmCaused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries. This is caused by the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls. Symptoms of kind angina include increasing of heart rate, pressure and chest pain.Heart attacks known as myocardial infarction or MIHeart attacks caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. Symptoms of MI include a squeezing sensation of the chest, sweating, nausea, vomiting, upper back pain and arm pain.Heart disease aiso known as coronary artery disease or coronary heart diseaseCaused by arteries hardening, narrowing, cutting off blood flow to the heart muscle resulting in heart attack. Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, chest pains on exertion, palpitation, dizziness and fainting.atherosclerosis or hardening of arteriesArteries are bl ood vessels that carry oxygenirich blood to your heart and to other parts of your body. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaques that rupture in result of blood clots that block blood flow or break off and travel to another part of the body. Atherosclerosis has no symptom or warning sign.Silent ischemia.Ischemia is a condition in which the blood flow is restricted to a part of the body caused by narrowing of heart arteries. Siient ischemia means people have ischemia without pain. There is aiso no warning sign onwards heart attack.E) Heart disease affecting heart lining flea-bitten heart disease results from inflammation of the heart lining when too much fluid builds up in the lungs leading to pulmonary congestion. It is due to failure of the heart to remove fluid from the lung circulation resulting in shortness of breath, coughing up blood, pale skin and excessive sweating. Heart disease resulting from inflammation of all the endocardium or pericardium is called heart disease affectin g heart lining.Endocardium is the inner level of the heart. It consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. Pericardium is the fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and the proximal ends of the aorta, vena valva and the pulmonary artery.a. EndocarditisEndocarditic, which is an inflammation of the endocardium is caused by bacteria get into the bloodstream and settling on the inside of the heart, usually on the heart valves that consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. It is the most common heart disease in people who have a damaged, diseased, or artificial heart valve. Symptoms of endocarditis include fever, chilling, fatigue, aching joint muscles, night sweats, shortness of breath, change in temperature and a persistent cough.b. PericardiumPericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. It is caused by infection of the pericardium which is the thin, tough bagiiike membrane surrounding the heart. The pericardium aiso prevents the heart from over expand ing when blood volume increases. Symptoms of pericarditis include chest pain, mild fever, weakness, fatigue, coughing, hiccups, and muscle aches.F) Heart disease affecting electrical systemThe electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transported to the cells throughout our body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart causes a fast, siow, or irregular heartbeat. The electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring that the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transported throughout our the body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart malfunction can cause a fast, siow, or irregular heartbeat.Types of heart disease that affect the electrical system are known as arrhythmias. They can cause the heart to beat too fast, too siow, or irregularly. These types of heart disease includea. Sinus tachycardiaSinus tachycardia occurs when the sinus rhythm is fast-breaking than 10 0 beats per minute therefore it increases myocardial oxygen postulate and reduces coronary blood flow, thus precipitating an ischemia heart or valvular disease.b. Sinus bradycardiaSinus bradycardia occurs when a decrease of cardiac output signal results in regular but unusually siow heart beat less than 60 beats per minute. Symptoms of sinus bradycardia includes a feeling of weightlessness of the head, dizziness, low blood pressure, vertigo, and syncope.c. Atrial fibrillationAtrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that starts in the upper parts (atria) of the heart causing irregular beating between the atria and the lower parts (ventricles) of the heart. The lower parts may beat fast and without a regular rhythm. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation include dizziness, lightiheadedness, shortness of breath, chest pain and irregular heart beat.d. Atrial shiverAtrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart causing abnormalities and diseases of t he heart. Symptoms of atrial flutter includes shortness of breath, chest pains, anxiety and palpitation.e. Supraventricular tachycardiaSupraventricular tachycardia is described as rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart causing a rapid pulse of 140i250 beats per minute. Symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia include palpitations, lightiheadedness, and chest pains.f. paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardiaParoxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is described as an occasional rapid heart rate. Symptoms can come on suddenly and may go away without treatment. They can last a few minutes or 1i2 days.g. Ventricular tachycardiaVentricular tachycardia is described as a fast heart rhythm that originates in one of the ventricles of the heart . This is a potentially lifeithreatening arrhythmia because it may lead to ventricular fibrillation or sudden death. Symptoms of ventricular tachycardia include light headedness, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath and chest pains.h. Ventricular fibrillationVentricular fibrillation is a condition in which the hearts electrical activity becomes disordered causing the hearts lower chambers to contract in a rapid, unsynchronized way resulting in iittie heart pumps or no blood at all, resulting in death if left untreated after in 5 minutes.There are many heart diseases affecting electrical system such as premature arterial contractions, wolf parkinson, etc.G) Congenital heart diseaseThere are several heart diseases that people are innate(p) with. Congenital heart diseases are caused by a persistence in the fetal connection between arterial and venous circulation. Congenital heart diseases affect any part of the heart such as heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels. Congenital heart disease refers to a problem with the hearts structure and function due to abnormal heart development in the beginning birth.Every year over 30,000 babies are born with some type of connatural heart defect in US alone. Congenital heart disease is responsible for more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defects. Some internal heart diseases can be treated with medication alone, whiie others require one or more surgeries.The causes of congenital heart diseases of newborns at birth may be in result from poorly controlled blood sugar levels in women having diabetes during pregnancy, some hereditary factors that see a role in congenital heart disease, excessive inspiration of alcohol and side affects of some drugs during pregnancy.Congenital heart disease is often divided into two types cyanotic which is caused by a lack of oxygen and nonicyanotic.A. CyanoticCyanosis is a blue coloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen generated in blood vessels near the skin surface. It occurs when the oxygen level in the arterial blood falls on a lower floor 85i90%.The below lists are the most common of cyanotic congenital heart diseasesa) Tetralogy of fallotTetralogy of fallot is a c ondition of several congenital defects that occur when the heart does not develop normally. It is the most common cynaotic heart defect and a common cause of blue baby syndrome.b) cargo ships of the great vesselsTransportation of the great vessels is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart defect in which the 2 major vessels that carry blood away from the aorta and the pulmonary artery of the heart are switched. Symptoms of transportation of the great vessels include blueness of the skin, shortness of breath and poor feeding.c) Tricuspid atresiaIn tricuspid atresia there is no tricuspid valve so no blood can flow from the riht atrium to the riht ventricle. Symptoms of tricuspid atresia include blue tinge to the skin and lips, shortness of breath, siow growth and poor feeding.d) Total abnormal pulmonary venous returnTotal anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a rare congenital heart defect that causes cyanos is or blueness. Symptoms of total anomalous pulmonary venous return include poor feeding, poor growth, respiratory infections and blue skin.e)Truncus arteriosusTruncus arteriosus is characterized by a large ventricular septate defect over which a large, iodine great vessel arises. Symptoms of truncus arteriosus include blue coloring of the skin, poor feeding, poor growth and shortness of breath.There are many more types of cyanotic such as ebsteins anomaly, hypoplastic riht heart, and hypoplastic left heart. If you need more information please touch with your doctor.B. NonicyanoticNonicyanotic heart defects are more common because of higher survival rates.The below lists are the most common of nonicyanotic congenital heart diseasesa) Ventricular septal defectVentricular septal defect is a hole in the wall between the riht and left ventricles of the heart causing riht and left ventricles to work harder, pumping a greater volume of blood than they normally wouid in result of failure of the left ventricle. Symptoms of ventricular septal defect include very fast heartbeats, sweating, poor feeding, poor weight gain and pallor.b) Atrial septal defectAtrial septal defect is a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart causing freshly oxygenated blood to flow from the left upper chamber of the heart into the riht upper chamber of the heart. Symptoms of atrial septal defect include shortness of breath, fatigue and heart palpitations or skipped beats.c) Coarctation of aortaCoarctation of aorta is a narrowing of the aorta between the upperibody artery branches and the branches to the lower body causing your heart to pump harder to force blood through the narrow part of your aorta. Symptoms of coarctation of aorta include pale skin, shortness of breath and heavy sweating.There are many more types of nonicyanotic such as pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriorus, and atrioventricular cana. These problems may occur alone or together. Most congenital h eart diseases occur as an isolated defect is not associated with other diseases.